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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > microbial metabolism > Flashcards

microbial metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what three things do all organisms require

A

a source of carbon, electrons, and energy

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2
Q

what are the two types of carbon sources

A

organic molecules + CO2

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3
Q

what are the two types of energy sources

A

light + organic chemicals

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4
Q

what are the two types of electron sources

A

inorganic + organic donors

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5
Q

what two processes do chemoorganotrophs use to get energy from glucose

A

cellular respiration + fermentation

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6
Q

how do chemoorganotrophs obtain energy and electrons

A

through the oxidation of organic compounds

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7
Q

is oxidation exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic (energy released)

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8
Q

what happens to the energy released from oxidation

A

it becomes trapped by ATP, then ATP carries the stored energy to sites where it’s needed

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9
Q

what does the cell require energy for

A

biosynthesis of materials, cell movement, material movement

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10
Q

what are the three major steps of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, CAC, ETC

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11
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2ATP. 2NADH for every glucose

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12
Q

what organisms do glycolysis

A

all major groups of microbes, plants, and animals

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13
Q

what are the products of the CAC

A

for each acetyl-CoA, we get 2 CO2, 3NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP/GTP

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14
Q

where do the electron carriers go after the CAC

A

to the ETC

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15
Q

how many ATP are produced by the ETC

A

32

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16
Q

which step of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP

A

ETC

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17
Q

where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

where does CAC occur in eukaryotes

A

mitochondria matrix

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19
Q

where is the ETC in eukaryotes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

T or F: aerobic respiration occurs in some prokaryotes

A

true

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21
Q

which prokaryotes utilize aerobic resp.

A

bacteria and archaea

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22
Q

where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

where does CAC occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

where does ETC occur in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

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25
Q

what are the 3 different glycolysis pathways in prokaryotes

A

embden-meyerhof pathway
entner-doudoroff pathway
pentose-phosphate pathway

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26
Q

which organisms use the embden-meyerhof pathway

A

all major groups of microbes, plants, and animals

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27
Q

describe the oxygen conditions of the EMP

A

can function with or without O2

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28
Q

what does the EMP provide for the cell

A

precursor metabolites, NADH, and ATP

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29
Q

describe the two general phases of the EMP

A

6C phase: two ATP used, produces fructose1,6-BP
3C phase: pyruvate + other products are made

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30
Q

what is the yield of the EMP

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H+, 2 pyruvate

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31
Q

what organisms use the entner-doudoroff pathway

A

some gram-negative bacteria (especially those found in soil) + very few gram positive bacteria

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32
Q

T or F: eukaryotes can use the EDP

A

false

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33
Q

describe how the EDP differs from the EMP

A

at the end of the 6C phase we get one pyruvate and one G3p, and then that G3P will undergo the rest of the steps as we saw in EMP

34
Q

what is the yield of the EDP

A

for one molecule of glucose: 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH, 2 pyruvate

35
Q

which glycolysis pathway, EMP or EDP, makes more ATP

A

EMP, as it makes 2 ATP while EDP makes 1

36
Q

which organisms use the pentose phosphate pathway

A

all types of organisms: eukaryotes and bacteria, but not archaea

37
Q

describe the oxygen conditions required for the PPP

A

can function with or without O2

38
Q

T or F: the PPP can operate at the same time as EMP and EDP

A

true

39
Q

why is the PPP an important pathway

A

it produces NADPH which can be used in anabolic reactions

40
Q

describe the general steps of the PPP

A

G6P (intermediate of EMP) is oxidized and NADPH is produced. 6-phosphogluconate is oxidized and decarboxylated = CO2 and more NADPH. Then sugar transformation reactions occur, producing G6P again and some pyruvate

41
Q

what is the yield of the PPP

A

6 CO2, 12 NADPH, 12 H+, and P

42
Q

how many protein complexes are in the ETC of eukaryotes

A

4

43
Q

how many protein complexes are in the ETC of prokaryotes

A

3

44
Q

other then NADH, where can bacteria get electrons (for the ETC step of cell resp.)

A

methanol

45
Q

T or F: the ETC in prokaryotes is always linear

A

false; it can be branched (ie in E coli)

46
Q

for branched ETC pathways in prokaryotes, what does the direction of flow depend upon

A

the amount of oxygen present

47
Q

T or F: the ETC in prokaryotes may be shorter than the ETC in eukaryotes

A

true

48
Q

which ETC produces more ATP: prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic ETC produces less ATP

49
Q

what is the terminal electron acceptor for aerobic resp.

A

oxygen

50
Q

what is the terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic resp.

A

an exogenous TEA (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, CO2, Fe3+)

51
Q

define obligate anaerobes

A

bacteria that carry out anaerobic resp. only

52
Q

give an example of obligate anaerobes

A

methanogens: they use CO2 as their TEA, they’re archaeons, and methane is produced

53
Q

T or F: anaerobic resp. yields less ATP than aerobic resp.

A

true

54
Q

T or F: some bacteria can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic resp.

A

true; depends on oxygen availability

55
Q

what is fermentation

A

a process which glucose (or other substrate) is partially oxidized in the absence of oxygen

56
Q

in fermentation, do all the steps of cell resp. still occur?

A

glycolysis is still performed, but no CAC or ETC

57
Q

which step(s) of cell resp still occur in fermentation

A

only glycolysis

58
Q

what is the terminal electron acceptor in fermentation

A

an organic molecule (usually pyruvate or a derivative of pyruvate)

59
Q

what are two types of fermentation

A

lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation

60
Q

describe lactic acid fermentation

A

NADH from glycolysis gives electrons to pyruvate, pyruvate is reduced into lactate

61
Q

describe alcoholic fermentation

A

CO2 leaves pyruvate = acetaldehyde, NADH donates electrons = ethanol

62
Q

T or F: some bacteria can utilize multiple fermentation pathways

A

true

63
Q

what are the energy and electron sources of chemolithotrophs

A

they oxidize inorganic compounds

64
Q

what do chemolithotrophs do with the electrons that they obtain from oxidation of inorganic compounds

A

they donate the electrons to the ETC

65
Q

define nitrifying bacteria

A

a group of bacteria that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source

66
Q

what is the most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth

A

cyanobacteria

67
Q

where are photosystems and pigments located within a cell

A

on internal membranes

68
Q

list the three types of phototrophy

A

oxygenic photosynthesis
anoxygenic photosynthesis
rhodopsin-based phototrophy

69
Q

describe oxygenic photosynthesis

A

light energy is trapped with chlorophyll and accessory pigments to make ATP and NADPH, which then are used to fix CO2

70
Q

what type of energy is used in oxygenic photosynthesis

A

light energy

71
Q

what is made in oxygenic photosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH are used to fix CO2

72
Q

what types of bacteria use anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

almost all are strict anaerobes

73
Q

T or F: anoxygenic photosynthesis uses chlorophylls

A

false; uses bacteriochlorophylls

74
Q

what does anoxygenic photosynthesis use instead of chlorophylls

A

bacteriochlorophylls

75
Q

where are pigments located in anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

in chlorosomes (which are found in an invagination of the PM)

76
Q

what is the function of chlorosomes

A

pigments for anoxygenic photosynthesis are located in chlorosomes

77
Q

T or F: rhodopsin-based phototrophy has no chlorophyll/bacteriochlorophyll involved

A

true

78
Q

what does rhodopsin-based phototrophy use instead of chlorophyll

A

microbial rhodopsin (a protein)

79
Q

describe rhodopsin-based phototrophy

A

acts as a light-driven protein pump that can produce a pH gradient to be used to make ATP

80
Q

is there an ETC involved in rhodopsin-based phototrophy

A

no

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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