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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > endospore > Flashcards

endospore Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an endospore

A

a form of specialized resting cell

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2
Q

where are endospores found (what type of organism)

A

gram positive bacteria (ie ones in the soil)

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3
Q

T or F: endospores are found in gram negative bacteria only

A

false; gram positive bacteria only

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4
Q

when does an endospore form

A

when conditions become unfavourable to the bacteria

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5
Q

T or F: the endospore is a very resistant structure

A

true

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6
Q

list some conditions that may cause an endospore to form

A

extreme heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals, radiation

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7
Q

what staining procedure do we do to view an endospore

A

shaeffer-fulton procedure (ie endospore stain)

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8
Q

what dyes do we use in an endospore stain

A

malachite green and safranin

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9
Q

what special thing do we need to do during an endospore stain

A

use steam!

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10
Q

describe the color results of the endospore stain

A

endospore = green, cytoplasm = red

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11
Q

what would happen if we did simple staining on an endospore

A

it would be clear and wouldn’t retain the dye

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12
Q

describe the 4 different locations that an endospore can be located within the cell

A

centrally, subterminally, terminally, or terminally w/ a swollen end

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13
Q

what is the innermost part of the endospore

A

the core

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14
Q

what does the core of the endospore contain (that aren’t the special elements)

A

nucleoid, ribosomes, and other essential elements

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15
Q

what two special elements does the core contain

A

dipicolinic acid complexed with Ca2+, and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

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16
Q

describe the function of dipicolinic acid

A

binds to water and helps to dehydrate the endospore. It also complexes with DNA and stabilizes it against heat denaturation

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17
Q

describe the function of small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

A

binds DNA and protects against UV radiation, dessication, and dry heat. It also serves as a carbon and energy source during the “outgrowth stage”

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18
Q

what surrounds the core

A

inner membrane

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19
Q

what surrounds the inner membrane

A

germ cell wall

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20
Q

what is the germ cell wall of the endospore made of

A

peptidoglycan

21
Q

what surrounds the cell wall

A

the cortex

22
Q

what is the cortex made up of

A

peptidoglycan

23
Q

what surrounds the cortex

A

outer membrane

24
Q

what surrounds the outer membrane

A

spore coat

25
Q

what is the spore coat made up of

A

many different proteins

26
Q

what surrounds the coat

A

the exosporium

27
Q

what is the exosporium made up of

A

a thin layer of protein

28
Q

T or F: all spores contain an exosporium

A

false; not all spores have it

29
Q

what cell does the endospore form within

A

the mother cell/vegetative cell

30
Q

what is another name for the mother cell

A

sporangium

31
Q

how long does endospore formation take

A

8-10 hours

32
Q

what is the name for endospore formation

A

sporulation or sporogenesis

33
Q

sporulation step 1

A

chromosome replicates, PM starts to invaginate and isolate the new DNA + small portion of cytoplasm

34
Q

sporulation step 2

A

PM starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm, and membrane that was isolated in step 1

35
Q

sporulation step 3

A

immature endospore is now surrounded by 2 membranes

36
Q

sporulation step 4

A

peptidoglycan layer forms between the membranes

37
Q

sporulation step 5

A

spore coat forms around the outer membrane, endospore is now fully mature. Lytic enzymes are released that break down cell wall of the mother cell and the PM breaks open

38
Q

sporulation step 6

A

endospore is freed from the mother cell, and now it is called a spore

39
Q

what do we call an endospore once it’s freed from the mother cell

A

a spore

40
Q

what is germination

A

the process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state

41
Q

T or F: an endospore carried out metabolic reactions

A

false; it doesn’t carry out any metabolic reactions

42
Q

T or F: an endospore may remain dormant for thousands of years

A

true

43
Q

how long might an endospore remain dormant for

A

thousands of years

44
Q

name the 3 stages of germination

A

activation, germination, outgrowth

45
Q

describe activation of germination

A

heat treatment occurs which prepares the spore for the next step

46
Q

describe germination

A

endospore’s dormant stage is broken and dipicolinic aicd-Ca is released from the DNA. peptidoglycan in the cortex is broken down, leaving only the peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Water moves into the core. Metabolic reactions now occur

47
Q

describe outgrowth of germination

A

cell breaks free from the broken spore and begins to grow, and now we have a bacterium being released

48
Q

T or F: endospore production is used for reproductive purposes

A

false; sporulation is NOT reproduction

49
Q

explain why sporulation is not the same as reproduction

A

we started with one bacterium, it made an endospore, endospore stayed dormant, and when conditions become good it become a bacteria again via germination. No new bacteria is being made

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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