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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > antimicrobial therapy > Flashcards

antimicrobial therapy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a chemotherapeutic agent

A

a chemical agent that is used internally to kill/inhibit the growth of microbes

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2
Q

what type of agent is a chemotherapeutic agent

A

chemical

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3
Q

what trait should a chemotherapeutic agent have to be successful

A

selective toxicity

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4
Q

define selective toxicity

A

ability to kill/inhibit growth of the microbe without damaging the host

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5
Q

how can the degree of selective toxicity be expressed (2 things)

A

therapeutic dose
toxic dose

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic index

A

toxic dose divided by therapeutic dose

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7
Q

do we want a low or a high therapeutic index? explain

A

high; means we have a large toxic dose so we can give the drug at a low concentration

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8
Q

in regards to TI, when might side effects occur

A

when there is a low TI

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9
Q

list some side effects from a chemotherapeutic agent

A

allergic responses, toxicity, renal failure

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10
Q

list some targets of prokaryotes (microbes) that can be used when we’re looking for selective toxicity (ie what can we target the drug to that wont be in the host)

A

capsule, cell wall (peptidoglycan), 70S ribosomes

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11
Q

define narrow spectrum

A

the agent is effective against a small number of pathogens

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12
Q

define broad spectrum

A

the agent is effective against a large number of pathogens

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13
Q

what might you call a drug that works against fungi

A

antifungal

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14
Q

what might you call a drug that inhibits the growth of fungi

A

fungistatic

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15
Q

T or F: the chemo agent isn’t useful if it only inhibits the growth of a microbe and not kills it

A

false; it is still useful bc after growth is inhibited then the immune system can kick in to kill it

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16
Q

how are antibiotics made

A

synthesized by microbes

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17
Q

example of an antibiotic

A

penicillin G

18
Q

how are synthetics made

A

via chemical procedures

19
Q

what are semisynthetics

A

agents that are combinations of synthetics and antibiotics (both synthesized by microbes and chemical procedures)

20
Q

example of a semisynthetic

A

ampicillin

21
Q

what does MIC stand for

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

22
Q

what is the MIC

A

lowest conc. of a drug that inhibits the growth of the pathogen

23
Q

what does MLC stand for

A

minimum lethal concentration

24
Q

what is the MLC

A

lowest conc. of the drug that kills the pathogen

25
Q

T or F: different species will have different susceptibilities to chemotherapeutic agents

A

true

26
Q

T or F: susceptibility may change with time

A

true

27
Q

list three susceptibility tests that may be done

A

dilution susceptibility
disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer)
E test

28
Q

what is the dilution susceptibility test used for

A

determining the MIC and MLC

29
Q

procedure of the dilution susceptibility test

A

dilutions of the drug are made in Meuller-Hinton broth or agar, each tube is inoculated with a standard amount of bacteria, after 16-20 hours incubation the presence of growth is noted

30
Q

what type of broth/agar is used in the dilution susceptibility test

A

Meuller-Hinton

31
Q

procedure of disk diffusion test (Kirby-Bauer)

A

inoculate on agar plate with a standardized amount of the microbe. A filter disk impregnated with a known conc of the agent is placed on the surface + incubated. The antibiotic will diffuse into the agar. The diameter of the no-growth zone is measured

32
Q

procedure of the E test

A

uses a plastic coated strip that contains a gradient of antibiotic concentrations + the MIC is read from the scale printed on the strip

33
Q

list the five major modes of action of antibacterial drugs

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, injury to PM, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of essential metabolites

34
Q

how do agents inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

prevent NAM subunit crosslinking in peptidoglycan layer

35
Q

do drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis have a high or low TI

A

high TI

36
Q

how do agents inhibit protein synthesis

A

they bind with prokaryotic ribosomes (50S or 30 S subunit) and inhibit translation

37
Q

do agents that inhibit protein synthesis have a high or low TI

A

high TI

38
Q

how do agents cause injury to the PM

A

they change the permeability by incorporating themselves into it, thereby damaging its integrity, resulting in cell leakage

39
Q

how do agents inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

they interfere with DNA replication and transcription processes

40
Q

how do agents inhibit essential metabolites

A

they interfere with metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of the normal substrate by the enzyme

41
Q

what do sulfa drugs work against

A

microbes that make their own folate

42
Q

why do sulfa drugs work against microbes that make their own folate

A

humans get folate from our diet, so the sulfa drugs will only target the pathogen and not the host

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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