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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > intro to microbiology > Flashcards

intro to microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is microbiology

A

the study of microbes/microorganisms that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

what types of organisms are studies in microbiology

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses

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3
Q

which organisms that we study are acellular

A

viruses, viroids, satellites, prions

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4
Q

which organisms that we study are cellular

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists

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5
Q

what are viruses composed of

A

protein and nucleic acid

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6
Q

what are viroids composed of

A

RNA

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7
Q

what are satellites composed of

A

nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell

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8
Q

what are prions composed of

A

protein

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9
Q

how big is the average microbe

A

1mm or less in diameter

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10
Q

what is a microbe called when it’s bigger than 1mm (ie visible without a microscope)

A

macroscopic microbe

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of macroscopic microbes

A

they’re multicellular but lack differentiated tissues

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12
Q

list the (outdated) five kingdoms

A

monera, protista, fungi, anamalia, and plantae

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13
Q

why is the kingdom system no longer accepted

A

prokaryotes are too diverse to group them together in a single kingdom (monera)

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14
Q

describe the universal phylogenetic tree

A

separated into three groups: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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15
Q

T or F: most members of the bacteria domain are single-celled

A

true

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16
Q

T or F: most members of the bacteria domain have cell walls

A

true

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17
Q

what are the cell walls of bacteria made up of

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

do bacteria cause disease? explain their role in the human body

A

most bacteria do not cause disease, but instead they’re major inhabitants of our bodies, forming the human microbiome

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19
Q

what are some roles of bacteria in the human body

A

they contribute to the development of the immune system + they help us digest food and produce vitamins

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20
Q

how are members of the archaea domain distinguished from bacteria

A

they have distinct rRNA sequences, cell walls, and membrane lipids

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21
Q

T or F: some archaea can generate natural gas (methane)

A

true

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22
Q

what types of environments are archaea usually found in

A

extreme environments: high temp or high salt concentrations

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23
Q

what does the eukarya domain encompass

A

plants, animals, protists, fungi

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24
Q

describe protists

A

unicellular but larger than most bacteria and archaea

25
Q

describe fungi (ie their number of cells)

A

can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds and mushrooms)

26
Q

how many cells do viruses have

A

viruses are acellular

27
Q

what are viruses/how do they multiply

A

entities that must invade a host cell to multiply

28
Q

how do satellites complete their life cycles

A

they must coinfect a host cell with a virus (called a helper virus)

29
Q

what do prions do

A

they’re responsible for causing neurological diseases

30
Q

describe the binomial naming system

A

Genus + specific epithet

  • genus = capitalized
  • name is underlined or italicized
  • names are latinized
31
Q

what is the average bacterial size

A

1 um by 2-6 um

32
Q

what are the two most common bacterial shapes

A

cocci and rods

33
Q

what shape are cocci

A

spherical

34
Q

what are diplococci

A

pairs of cocci (ie two spheres together)

35
Q

when do we get long chains of cocci

A

when cells adhere after repeated divisions

36
Q

in which genera of bacteria do we see long chains of cocci

A

streptococcus, enterococcus, and lactococcus
(note: these should be underlined or italicized)

37
Q

in which genus do we see grapelike clusters

A

staphylococcus (italicized)

38
Q

what is another name for rods

A

bacilli

39
Q

which bacteria is comma-shaped

A

vibrios

40
Q

which bacteria are rigid and spiral-shaped

A

spirilla

41
Q

define what it means for a bacteria to be pleomorphic

A

it’s variable in shape and lacks a single form

42
Q

what are hyphae

A

long filaments that some bacteria can form

43
Q

what can hyphae form

A

a network called a mycelium

44
Q

define mycelium

A

a network made up of hyphae, which are long filaments that bacteria can form

45
Q

what does being filamentous allow for bacterial cells

A

allows for some degree of differentiation among cells in the filament

46
Q

where is the cell envelope on a cell

A

surrounds the cell + is several layers

47
Q

what does the cell envelope include

A

PM, cell wall, and capsule or slime layer

48
Q

what is the innermost layer of the envelope

A

PM

49
Q

what is the role of the PM

A

surrounds the cytoplasm

50
Q

what layer covers the PM

A

cell wall

51
Q

what layer surrounds the cell wall

A

capsule or slime layer

52
Q

describe the interior of a bacterial cell

A

simple, since there are no membrane-bound organelles

53
Q

where is the genetic material of a bacterial cell located

A

in the nucleoid

54
Q

T or F: there is a membrane around the nucleoid of a bacterial cell

A

false! the nucleoid has no membrane, so it is not separated from the surrounding cytoplasm

55
Q

what two things can be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

A

ribosomes and inclusions

56
Q

what can be found protruding from the surface of a bacterial cell

A

pili

57
Q

what is the role of pili

A

aid in attachment to other surfaces

58
Q

what is the role of flagella

A

locomotion

59
Q

where are flagella on a bacterial cell

A

they’re positioned like a tail on one end of the bacterium

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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