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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > external appendages > Flashcards

external appendages Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two major groups of appendages

A

ones for motility and ones for attachment

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2
Q

what are two appendages for motility

A

flagella and axial filaments

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3
Q

what do flagella do

A

they propel bacteria + are involved in locomotion

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4
Q

name the 4 types of flagella arrnagements

A

monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous

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5
Q

define monotrichous

A

a bacteria has a single, polar, flagellum

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6
Q

define amphitrichous

A

one flagella at each pole

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7
Q

define lophotrichous

A

occurs when there is a cluster of flagella at one or both ends

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8
Q

define peritrichous

A

flagella are distributed over the entire bacterium

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9
Q

which flagella arrangement do E coli have

A

peritrichous

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10
Q

T or F: all bacteria have flagella

A

false; not all of them do

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11
Q

T or F: all spirilla have flagella

A

true

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12
Q

what percentage of bacilli have flagella

A

half

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13
Q

what amount of cocci have flagella

A

only a small amount

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14
Q

list the 3 basic parts of the flagella

A

filament, hook, basal body

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15
Q

what is the filament of a flagella + what is it’s structure

A

a hollow rigid shaft that extends into the environement

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16
Q

what is the filament of the flagella made of

A

the protein flagellin

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17
Q

what does the filament of a flagella attach to

A

the hook

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18
Q

what is the hook of a flagella in terms of structure

A

a short, curved, thicker segment

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19
Q

what does the hook of a flagella do

A

acts as a universal joint + allows the filament to point in different directions

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20
Q

what is the hook of a flagella attached to

A

the basal body

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21
Q

what does the basal body of a flagella do

A

anchors the hook and filament to the cell wall by means of a rod and either a series of 2 or 4 rings, depending on the cell wall structure

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22
Q

how many basal body rings of a flagella are there in gram neg bacteria

A

4

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23
Q

how many basal body rings of a flagella are there in gram pos bacteria

A

2

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24
Q

which part of the flagella extends into the environment

A

the filament

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25
Q

which part of a flagella acts as a joint

A

the hook

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26
Q

which part of a flagella acts as an anchorage point for the other parts

A

the basal body

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27
Q

which part of the flagella has a series of either 2 or 4 rings

A

the basal body

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28
Q

T or F: gram neg bacteria have 2 rings in the basal body of a flagella

A

false; they have 4 and gram pos have 2

29
Q

what part of the flagella rotates to make the cell move

A

the basal body

30
Q

how does the flagella move through the environment to move the cell

A

it pushes against the surrounding liquid to mediate its propulsion

31
Q

where does the power to move the flagella come from

A

the proton motive force (PMF)

32
Q

describe the how the PMF generates energy to move the flagella

A

bacterial ETC pumps H into periplasmic space, and those will go through the Mot protein, and that generates the energy to rotate the flagella

33
Q

where does the bacterial ETC pump protons

A

the periplasmic space

34
Q

what protein do protons go through to generate energy to rotate the flagella

A

the Mot protein

35
Q

what types of movement are there for bacteria

A

runs and tumbles

36
Q

which type of bacteria do runs and tumbles

A

ones that have mono and peritrichous flagella

37
Q

describe a run

A

flagellum rotates counterclockwise

38
Q

describe a tumble

A

flagellum rotates clockwise

39
Q

when does a run occur

A

when the flagella rotate, the bacteria swims, and this is a run

40
Q

when does a tumble occur

A

when flagella switch rotation, a tumble occurs

41
Q

when will bacteria move aimlessly

A

when there is no attractant or repellent in the environment

42
Q

describe positive chemotaxis

A

bacteria move towards something favorable

43
Q

describe bacterial movement during positive chemotaxis

A

less tumbles and more runs occur

44
Q

describe negative chemotaxis

A

bacteria move away from something undesirable

45
Q

what is swarming

A

another type of motility – they move as a crowd

46
Q

in which type of bacteria does swarming occur

A

in those with peritrichous flagella

47
Q

describe swarming

A

bacteria move in unison across a moist surface

48
Q

what do we see on an agar plate that has bacteria that use swarming

A

swarming gives distinct colony morphologies

49
Q

what is an axial filament

A

a filament that wraps around the cell + makes it move

50
Q

which type of bacteria use axial filaments for motility

A

spirochetes

51
Q

what type of movement do axial filaments produce

A

corkscrew type movement

52
Q

where are axial filaments located

A

periplasmic space

53
Q

describe the orientation of axial filaments on the bacteria

A

they’re anchored at each end and wrap around the bacterium

54
Q

what is another name for axial filaments

A

endoflagella

55
Q

T or F: some bacteria are motile without flagella or axial filaments

A

true

56
Q

in bacteria that move w/o flagella or axial filaments, what type of movement do they possess

A

twitching and gliding

57
Q

describe twitching as a bacterial movement

A

short, jerky movements across a moist surface

58
Q

describe gliding as a bacterial movement

A

smooth movement

59
Q

in bacteria that move w/o flagella or axial filaments, what do they require to move/what mediates their movement

A

type IV pili and/or production of slime

60
Q

what two appendages are used for attachment

A

fimbriae and pili

61
Q

describe the basic structure of fimbriae and pili as compared to flagella

A

they’re shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella

62
Q

how many fimbriae/pili can there be on a cell

A

a few to a thousand

63
Q

T or F: fimbriae and pili are found in both gram pos and gram neg bacteria

A

true

64
Q

major function of fimbriae/pili?

A

attach bacterium to a solid surface, some are involved in twitching and gliding (ie type IV pili)

65
Q

what do conjugation pili/sex pili do

A

involved in the process of bacterial mating called conjugation

66
Q

describe conjugation in bacteria

A

the sex/conjugation pilus joins two cells together that are to undergo conjugation

67
Q

describe the structure of a sex/conjugation pilus

A

larger and longer than fimbriae/pili

68
Q

how many sex pili per cell

A

many bacteria can have up to 10

69
Q

T or F: both gram neg and gram pos bacteria can have sex pili

A

false; found only in gram neg

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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