drug resistance

Question 1

list the two types of resistance of a bacteria to the agent

Answer 1

intrinsic or acquired

Question 2

give 3 examples of bacteria having intrinsic resistance

Answer 2

gram neg prevent entry of certain drugs due to protective outer membrane, mycobacteria cell walls are impermeable to most water-soluble drugs due to high mycolic acid content, and members of Genus Mycoplasma are not susceptible to penicillins bc they don’t have peptidoglycan

Question 3

what is acquired resistance

Answer 3

bacteria have acquired a change in its genome

Question 4

list two ways in which acquired resistance may occur

Answer 4

mutation or horizontal gene transfer (HGT)

Question 5

list 3 ways in which horizontal gene factor can occur

Answer 5

conjugation, transformation, transduction

Question 6

list 4 mechanisms of drug resistance

Answer 6

microbes can pump the drug out of the cell via efflux pumps in the PM, they may inactivate the drug through chemical modification, they modify the target enzyme/organelle so the bacteria is no longer susceptible to the drug, or they use an alternate pathway to bypass what the agent acts against

Question 7

T or F: antibiotics help to favour the growth of bacteria that have already become resistant to the antibiotic by inhibiting the growth of the sensitive bacteria

Answer 7

true!

Question 8

list 4 ways in which we can limit the emergence of drug resistance

Answer 8

use drugs at a high enough conc. so that all susceptible bacteria and any spontaneous mutants are killed, take only when needed/follow prescribed therapy, give two drugs at a time, avoid the use of broad-spectrum drugs