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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > chemical agents in microbial control > Flashcards

chemical agents in microbial control Flashcards

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1
Q

who first used phenol

A

joseph lister

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2
Q

does phenol sterilze

A

no

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3
Q

if it doesn’t sterilize, what does phenol do

A

disinfects and antisepsis

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4
Q

T or F: phenol is used today

A

false; it is not used today

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5
Q

why isn’t phenol used today

A

it irritates the skin and has a bad odor

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6
Q

what is used today instead of phenol

A

derivatives of phenol, called phenolics

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7
Q

how are phenolics formed

A

formed by the addition of an organic group or halogen to phenol

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8
Q

what is a bisphenolic

A

two phenolics covalently linked together

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9
Q

what kind of bond joins two phenolics to form a bisphenolic

A

covalent bond

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10
Q

mode of action of phenolics

A

they disrupt membranes and denature proteins

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11
Q

T or F: phenolics kill mycobacterium

A

true! and not many agents can do this

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12
Q

T or F: phenolics are active in the presence of organic material

A

true

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13
Q

T or F: phenolics are not good for surface disinfection

A

false; they persist on surfaces for a long period of time + are commonly used in labs and hospitals

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14
Q

T or F: phenolics smell good

A

false; they smell bad

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15
Q

do alcohols sterilize

A

no

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16
Q

if they don’t sterilize, what do alcohols do

A

disinfection and antisepsis

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17
Q

what are alcohols active against

A

bacteria and fungi

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18
Q

mode of action of alcohols

A

denature proteins, dissolve membrane lipids

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19
Q

name the two most commonly used alcohols

A

ethanol and isopropanol

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20
Q

which is better: ethanol or isopropanol. list 3 advantages of the better one

A

isopropanol is better in terms of activity against microbes, it’s less volatile, and it’s cheaper

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21
Q

T or F: alcohols evaporate and react quickly

A

true

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22
Q

how long should you let alcohol soak to disinfect something

A

10-15 min

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23
Q

what is a tincture

A

formed when another chemical is mixed with alcohol

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24
Q

T or F: tinctures work better than if the alcohol was dissolved in water

A

true

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25
Q

list 4 halogens

A

I, F, Cl, Br

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26
Q

mode of action for halogens

A

they oxidize cell constituents and act as protein synthesis inhibitors

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27
Q

does iodine sterilize

A

no

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28
Q

if it doesn’t sterilize, what does iodine do

A

antiseptic

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29
Q

what is iodine effective against

A

a wide range of bacteria, many spores (at high concentrations of I2), various fungi, and some viruses

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30
Q

what two forms of iodine are used for medical purposes

A

as a tincture or an iodophore

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31
Q

what is an iodophore

A

iodine with an organic molecule

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32
Q

two advantages of iodophore

A

non staining, and it allows for a slow release of iodine so it’s less irritating to the skin

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33
Q

list two common commercial preparations of iodine

A

betadine and isodine

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34
Q

list two forms of chlorine

A

Cl2 and ClO2

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35
Q

what is Cl2 used for

A

to treat drinking water, swimming pools, and wastewater in sewage treatment

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36
Q

what is ClO2 used for

A

to disinfect large spaces and it can be combined with other chemicals

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37
Q

give an example of a product formed when ClO2 binds with another chemical

A

NaOCl (household bleach)

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38
Q

what is the formula for household bleach

A

NaOCl

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39
Q

does chlorine sterilzie

A

no

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40
Q

if it doesn’t sterilize, what does chlorine do

A

disinfectant

41
Q

what is chlorine effective against

A

bacteria and fungi. NOT spores

42
Q

give an example of chlorine being used at the individual level

A

halazone tablets are used to make drinking water safe

43
Q

what is bromine used for

A

to disinfect hot tubs

44
Q

why would bromine be used instead of chlorine

A

it evaporates more slowly at high temperatures

45
Q

does bromine sterilzie

A

no

46
Q

if it doesn’t sterilize, what does bromine do

A

disinfects

47
Q

what is fluorine used for

A

can be used in drinking water and toothpastes

48
Q

list 3 oxidizing agents

A

peroxides, ozone, peracetic acid

49
Q

mode of action for oxidizing agents

A

release oxygen radicals that microbes are sensitive to

50
Q

give an example of a peroxide

A

hydrogen peroxide

51
Q

what is hydrogen peroxide used for

A

household cleaners, contact lenses

52
Q

does hydrogen peroxide sterilize

A

yes BUT it must be heated gaseous hydrogen peroxide

53
Q

what is heated gaseous hydrogen peroxide used for

A

used to sterilize the atmosphere and surfaces

54
Q

what is ozone used for

A

treat drinking water

55
Q

formula for ozone

A

O3

56
Q

what is peracetic acid used for

A

used in medical facilities and food processing plants to sterilize equipment

57
Q

does peracetic acid sterilize

A

yes

58
Q

what forms can peracetic acid be used in

A

liquid or vapour

59
Q

list 5 heavy metal ions that are used

A

arsenic, zinc, copper, mercury, silver

60
Q

mode of action for heavy metal ions

A

they combine with sulfur atoms present in certain amino acids that make up proteins, which denatures them

61
Q

which heavy metal ion is used as an antiseptic

A

silver

62
Q

describe the uses of silver as an antiseptic

A

can be used in surgical dressings, burn creams, catheters, clothing, and in paper

63
Q

what is copper used for

A

controls algal growth in fish tanks, swimming pools, and reservoirs. Also used on the hulls of boats

64
Q

what are copper, zinc, and mercury used for

A

used to control mildew in paint

65
Q

do heavy metal ions sterilize

A

no

66
Q

what are quaternary ammonium compounds

A

derivatives of the ammonium ion

67
Q

mode of action of quaternary ammonium compounds

A

disrupt membranes and denature proteins

68
Q

do quaternary ammonium compounds sterilize

A

no

69
Q

if they don’t sterilize, what do quaternary ammonium compounds do

A

disinfect and antiseptic

70
Q

what are quaternary ammonium compounds effective against

A

bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses

71
Q

T or F: quaternary ammonium compounds kill nonenveloped viruses

A

false; they can only kill enveloped viruses

72
Q

when might quaternary ammonium compounds be used

A

hospitals to disinfect, or as a skin antiseptic

73
Q

name two common aldehydes

A

glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde

74
Q

mode of action of aldehydes

A

forms covalent crosslinks with several organic functional groups in order to inactivate nucleic acids and denature proteins

75
Q

which functional groups will aldehydes form covalent cross links with in order to denature proteins

A

NH2 OH COOH and SH

76
Q

which form of formaldehyde is commonly used

A

formalin

77
Q

what is formalin

A

it’s formaldehyde dissolved in water to make a 37% solution

78
Q

what percentage of formalin is formaldehyde? what is the remaining component

A

37%, rest is water

79
Q

what is formaldehyde used for

A

embalming + as a disinfectant for surgical instruments

80
Q

does formaldehyde sterilized

A

yes

81
Q

in what conditions can formaldehyde sterilize

A

if left for 24 hours using an 8% solution

82
Q

list some disadvantages of formaldehyde

A

potential carcinogen, long term exposure in air or on skin can lead to respiratory problems and skin irritation, produces irritating fumes and bad odor, leaves a residue

83
Q

what percentage of glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant

A

2%

84
Q

T or F: glutaraldehyde can kill mycobacteria

A

true

85
Q

is glutaraldehyde a sterilant

A

yes

86
Q

in what conditions is glutaraldehyde a sterilant

A

if left for 3-10 hours

87
Q

advantage of glutaraldehyde

A

non corrosive

88
Q

disadvantages of glutaraldehyde1

A

gives off irritating fumes and leaves a residue

89
Q

what is glutaraldehyde used for

A

used as a disinfectant for lab and hospital equipment

90
Q

give an example of a gaseous agent

A

ethylene oxide

91
Q

what is ethylene oxide effective against

A

all bacteria and bacterial spores, but requires a lengthy exposure time

92
Q

mode of action of ethylene oxide gas

A

cross links functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids

93
Q

T or F: to be a sterilant, ethylene oxide gas requires a lengthy exposure time

A

true

94
Q

uses of ethylene oxide gas

A

hospitals and dental offices (gas autoclave), can be used to treat heat sensitive materials

95
Q

3 advantages of ethylene oxide gas

A

sterilizing, highly penetrating, and it sterilizes without heat

96
Q

4 disadvantages of ethylene oxide gas

A

highly explosive, poisonous, carcinogen, takes a long exposure time to treat items

97
Q

list 3 biological methods of control

A

predacious bacteria
bacteriophages
products of microorganisms (ie bacteriocins)

98
Q

what agents can kill mycobacterium

A

phenols, glutaraldehyde

99
Q

which agents sterilize

A

heated gaseous hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide gas

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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