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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > bacterial pathogenesis > Flashcards

bacterial pathogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

define parasitic organism

A

organism that harms or lives at the expensive of another organism

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2
Q

define normal microbiota

A

organisms that colonize the body without normally causing disease

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3
Q

define infection

A

when a parasitic organism is growing and multiplying within or on a host, the host is said to have an infection

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4
Q

define infectious disease

A

infection of a host by a microbe that results in some damage to the host and/or alteration of normal function of the host

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5
Q

define nosocomial infection

A

an infection that develops within a hospital/other type of clinical care facility

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6
Q

define pathogen

A

a microbe that’s able to cause disease

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7
Q

define pathogenicity

A

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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8
Q

define opportunistic pathogen

A

an organism that’s part of the normal microbiota that becomes pathogenic under certain situations (ie immune system becomes compromised by disease, old age, use of antibiotics)

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9
Q

define virulence

A

refers to the degree/intensity of pathogenicity

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10
Q

what three factors is virulence determined by

A

invasiveness, infectivity, pathogenic potential

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11
Q

define invasiveness

A

the ability to spread to adjacent or other tissues

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12
Q

define infectivity

A

the ability of an organism to establish a focal point of infection

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13
Q

define pathogenic potential

A

the degree of damage the microbe can cause to the host

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14
Q

define toxigenicity

A

the ability of the microbe to produce toxins

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15
Q

how can the virulence of a microbe be measured experimentally

A

by determining the infectious dose or lethal dose of a pathogen, which is the dose required to infect or kill 50% of the hosts in a given time period

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16
Q

list 5 portals of entry

A

skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system, direct entry (injection sites, bites, burns, wounds, surgical processes)

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17
Q

describe how pathogens can enter via the skin

A

ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, hair follicles, conjunctiva (membrane of eyes/eyelids) via contaminated fingers/flies/towels

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18
Q

describe how pathogens can enter via the respiratory tract

A

inhalation of air containing pathogens

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19
Q

describe how pathogens can enter via the gastrointestinal tract

A

food, water, contaminated fingers

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20
Q

describe how pathogens can enter via the urogenital system

A

during sexual intercourse, some can travel from the skin to the urethra and vagina

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21
Q

how do pathogens exit the body

A

usually via urine, feces, saliva, tears, etc

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22
Q

list the 3 possible outcomes of a pathogen gaining entry to the body

A
  1. may pass through as a harmless transient
  2. could colonize and become part of normal microbiota
  3. could colonize and cause disease
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23
Q

list 4 things that determine whether or not a microbe will cause disease to a host

A

number of organisms the host is exposed to, virulence (invasiveness, infectivity, pathogenicity), host’s immune status at the time of infection, whether or not the desired portal of entry was used

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24
Q

list 7 things a successful pathogen must be able to do

A

maintain a reservoir
be transmitted to the host
adhere/colonize/invade the host
evade host defense mechanisms
multiply and grow in the host
have the ability to damage the host
leave the house + enter the reservoir of another host

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25
Q

what is a reservoir

A

a site in which the organism can persist and maintain its ability to infect prior to entering another host

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26
Q

what can a reservoir be (3 examples)

A

a human (with active infection or a carrier), an animal, a nonliving reservoir (ie soil, water, food)

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27
Q

list 2 modes of transmission

A

direct or indirect

28
Q

what is horizontal contact

A

direct contact, ie kissing, sexual contact, or shaking hands

29
Q

what is vertical contact

A

transmission from mother to baby

30
Q

at what distance can airborne droplets infect someone

A

less than 1 meter

31
Q

what is a vector

A

a living organism that can transmit disease to humans

32
Q

what are two types of vectors

A

mechanical and biological

33
Q

describe a mechanical vector

A

transmits the pathogen to its host passively on their feet and body parts

34
Q

describe a biological vector

A

transmits pathogen actively. The pathogen completes part of its life cycle in the vector before it can be transmitted

35
Q

describe indirect modes of transmission

A

transmission via an inanimate object called a vehicle

36
Q

list some vehicles of pathogens

A

doorknobs, drinking glasses, utensils, dirty towels

37
Q

what is a formite

A

an inanimate vehicle

38
Q

describe how pathogens adhere to a host

A

pathogen attached to host tissues at the portal of entry via factors on bacterial called adhesins

39
Q

what are adhesins

A

factors on bacteria that allow them to attach themselves to host tissues

40
Q

what are adhesins made of

A

glycoprotein or lipoprotein

41
Q

where on bacteria are adhesins found

A

capsule, fimbriae, flagellum

42
Q

define colonization of the bacteria in the host

A

occurs after they adhere. Colonization refers to the establishment of a site of microbial reproduction

43
Q

T or F: colonization always causes damage

A

false; some bacteria can be non invasive

44
Q

describe how streptococci are invasive

A

they produce hyaluronidase (spreading factor). it degrades hyaluronic acid that glues epithelial cells together

45
Q

what does staphylokinase do

A

dissolves blood clots

46
Q

list how pathogens can evade host defenses

A

production of a biofilm or capsule, or specialized surface proteins that help them evade phagocytosis. Produce toxins that destroy phagocytes, some kill macrophages after being engulfed, some prevent the fusion of a phagosome with the lysosome, some gram neg can lengthen the O side chain of the LPS, some use host-derived actin tails to propel themselves from one host to another

47
Q

list 3 ways in which the pathogen can damage the host

A

using the host’s nutrients, causing direct damage in the area of invasion, by producing toxins

48
Q

list the 2 types of toxins that pathogens can produce

A

exotoxin and endotoxin

49
Q

what is an exotoxin

A

a protein produced by a bacterium

50
Q

what type(s) of bacteria produce exotoxins

A

both gram pos and gram neg

51
Q

T or F: exotoxins are soluble in body fluids

A

true

52
Q

are exotoxins potent

A

yes

53
Q

are exotoxins stable in heat

A

no; destroyed by 60-80 C

54
Q

T or F: the body can generate antibodies against exotoxins

A

true

55
Q

describe how vaccines are made using exotoxins

A

exotoxins are inactivated via heat or chemicals (now called a toxoid). Toxoid gets injected, body makes antibodies against it, and now the person is immune

56
Q

bacterial source of endotoxins?

A

gram neg only

57
Q

what is the endotoxin made of

A

the lipid A portion of the LPS in gram neg bacteria

58
Q

T or F: endotoxins are protein in nature

A

false; are lipid in nature

59
Q

are endotoxins heat stable

A

yes; up to 250 C

60
Q

describe the potency of endotoxins

A

lower potency: only toxic at high doses bc they’re relatively weak

61
Q

define immunogenic

A

host recognizes the thing as foreign

62
Q

is an endotoxin weakly or strongly immunogenic

A

weakly

63
Q

symptoms of exotoxinxs

A

effect is variable depending on the exotoxin

64
Q

symptoms of endotoxins

A

fever, chills, weakness, shock, death

65
Q

T or F: the portal of exit is often identical to the portal of entry

A

true

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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