Micro Basics, Lab Testing and Dx, and Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards
What bacteria can transform into endospores?
- Bacillus anthracis
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridioides difficile
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium botulinum
Exam of fresh clinical specimens
wet mount
The following conditions may be dx’d with what method?
Actinomycosis
Chlamydia
cytomegalovirus
Genital herpes
giardiasis
Histoplasmosis
Leprosy
Lymphogranuloma venerium
Rubeola
Histology and Cytology
Examples of organisms that can be diagnosed with wet mount: sputum
Sputum for fungi
Examples of simple stains
Calcifour white, and india ink
Types of antigen detection test
-agglutination
- immunofluorescence
- enzyme linked immunosobent assay (ELISA)
When infection suspected in sterile body fluid, total protein, cell counts with differential, body fluid glucose, gram stain, culture.
Most compare with normal value for fluid.
Body fluid analysis
Presence of large number of white blood cells in any body fluid is an indication of..
Infection or inflammation
When is CSF assessed and what do they look for?
When meningitis suspected.
Color and clarity
Protein
Glucose
Wbc and differential
antibodies that cause clumping or glutination of type o red blood cells and cold temperatures test is used to detect antibodies that result from mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, viral pneumonia, or atypical pneumo
Cold agglutination
Shows current inflammatory process, sometimes used in the diagnosis of meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, sepsis, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections
C reactive protein
Measure injury and damage to liver.
Liver function test
Measure gas exchange, shows resp failure due to pneumo, important for HAI pneumo and ventilator pneumo
Arterial blood test
General health assessment, white blood cells count and differential most useful for infection
Interpretation
Complete blood count
Increased WBC indicative of infection or inflammation
Reduced white blood cells counts
Leukopenia
WBC for Phagocytosis
Neutrophil
Increase in number if immature neutrophils
Left Shift
What is left shift indicative of?
Bacterial infection
What are increased lymphocytes indicative of?
Pertussis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis
Lymphocytes with frothy cytoplasm (atypical or reactive lymphs) are indicative of
Viral infections like cytomegalovirus, or mononucleosis
Changes to this type of WBC is indicative of the following conditions:
EBV
TB
subacute bacterial endocarditis
syphilis
protozoan and rickettsial infections
Monocytes
Increase in eosinophils
Allergic reactions
parasitic infections
Dx test for the following conditions:
Rickettsial Diseases (RMSF, Q fever, epidemic typhus, rickettsial pox)
Weil-Felix agglutination
Indicators in Urinalysis
Color and clarity
Proteins
glucose
ketones
blood nitrate
leukocyte esterase