Chain of Infection, Risk Factors, Immune System, Immunocompromised Host Flashcards
Immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK cells, the production of antigen specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in the response to an antigen
Cell Mediated Immunity
An aspect of specific immune responses directed at particular antigens it takes the form of unique antibodies produced by B lymphocytes that have been specifically selected to neutralize the antigen at hand.
Humoral Immune response
Types of T cells
Cytotoxic t cells- CD8
Helper T-cells- CD4
Types of B cells
Plasma and memory cells
Substances such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells
Cytokines
Where are secretory antibodies present in the body?
Oral secretions, tears, intestinal contents, breast milk, prostate, and the female reproductive system
Glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma cells that recognize and bind to antigens and aid in their destruction
immunoglobulins
Late occurring in a meeting response and longest lived because it enters interstitial tissue relatively easily it is the major antibody to protect tissue
IgG
First reacting immunoglobulin and an adaptive immune response to an infection and is generally produced for no more than 6 months after the onset of infection
IgM
Principal’s secretory antibody and humans primarily produced in plasma cells residing in mucous membranes. Effective in preventing viral infections of respiratory tract and intestinal mucosa
IgA
Present principally on the surface of lymphocytes and it serves to bind specific antigens. Functions in later immune responses
IgD
Principal allergy inducing immunoglobulin known as reagin
IgE
Portals of entry for opportunistic pathogens
Skin
Lungs
Oropharynx
GI tract of neutropenic host
What illnesses are there passive IM or IV immunoglobulin available for?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Rabies
Varicella
IVIG is not generally recommended for the following patients…
Routine oncology patients
Rarely appropriate but may be used in very select patients (chemo or bone marrow transplants with bacterial or fungal infection that doesn’t respond to antimicrobials
Granulocyte transfusions
Secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hematopetic stem cells thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into white blood cells
Colony stimulating factors
When would colony stimulating factors be used?
Chemo patients with neutropenia
Chain of transmission
- Infectious agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
Virulence
Ability to grow and multiply
Infectivity
Ability to enter tissue
Pathogenicity
Ability to cause disease
Duration of exposure
Length of time person exposed to organism
Size of innoculm
Number of organisms needed to cause disease
High risk procedures for HAIs
- IV access and central lines
- Mechanical ventilation
- Indwelling urinary catheters
- Hemodialysis
- Parenteral nutrition
Infection versus colonization
Colonization, shows on culture but no signs or symptoms
Infection - tissue damage and disease, signs and symptoms
Toxin that is mostly Gram + organisms, proteins that are secreted from the cell
Exotoxin
Toxin that is highly antigenic and has vax
Exotoxin
Toxin that has high toxicity
Exotoxin
Toxin that is heat liable
Exotoxin
Toxin that is mostly gram negative
endotoxin
Toxin from LPS, released when bacterial cell is killed
endotoxin
toxin that is not highly antigenic
endotoxin
toxin that is heat stable
Endotoxin
toxin that has low toxicity
Endotoxin
Examples of the exotoxin
cholera
Tetanus
Botulism
Examples of endotoxins
Meningococcemia
Sepsis
- Ability to Survive in env between hosts
- Mechanism for transmission to new host
- Ability to attach to a new host, invade, and disseminate
Factors for virulence
Endogenous opportunistic organism in lungs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma
Pneumocystis jirovechii
Endogenous opportunistic organisms in skin
Coagulase negative staph
Corynebacteria
Maleassezia furfur
HSV and herpes zoster
Endogenous opportunistic organisms in GI tract
Enterococcus
Streptococcus bovis
Clostridium septicum
Candida spp
Bacterioides fragilis
Endogenous opportunistic organism in oropharynx
Candida spp
Endogenous opportunistic organism in central nervous system
Toxoplasma gondi
Exoogenous opportunistic organism on hands/ fomites
Clostridium difficile
Viruses other than herpes
Exogenous opportunistic organisms in water
Legionella
Cryptosporidium
Exogenous opportunistic organism in environment
Zygomycetes (fungi in rotten wood that cause rare pulmonary disease)
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (fortuitum chealonae)
Exogenous opportunistic organism in ventilation during construction
Aspergillus
Opportunists that can be either endogenous or exogenous
- Aerobic gram negative bacilli (endogenous from oropharynx and gi tract, exogenous from contaminated food or fomites)
- Staph aureus
Endogenous on skin and in nasal carriage, exogenous from personnell hands
What medical interventions increase risk?
- Presence of invasive devices
- Placement in an ICU
- Exposure to antibiotics or certain medications
- Immunosuppressive therapy
- Length of hospitalization
- Staffing ratios
- Experience in training of care provider for certain device- associated infections
- Increase number of hcp examinations / procedures
Name 3 examples of patient factors that increase risk of transmission
- Immunosuppressive diseases and disorders
- malignant disorders
- patient Apache score
- poor nutritional status
- age
- diabetes
- pregnancy
- travel history
- occupation
- residence
- contact with certain pets of animals
- extensive burn wounds
- trauma
What bacteria typically cause bacterial meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus agalactiae
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria typically cause otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What bacteria typically cause community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
What types of bacteria typically cause atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Legionella neumophilia
What bacteria causes tuberculosis pneumonia?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What type of bacteria typically cause skin infections?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What type of bacteria typically cause sexually transmitted diseases?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrheae
Treponema pallidum
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Haemophilus ducreyi
What type of bacterial infections typically cause eye infections?
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria gonorrhea
Chlamydia trachomatis
What type of bacterial infections typically cause sinusitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
What bacterial infections typically cause upper respiratory tract infections
Streptococcus pyogenes
Haemophilus influenzae
What type of bacterial infections typically cause gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
What type of bacteria typically cause food poisoning?
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella
Shigella
Clostridium
Staphylococcus aureus
E coli
What type of bacterial infections usually cause UTIs
E coli
Other enterobacteriaceae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Examples of communicable diseases when hcp should be restricted?
Diarrhea
Group a strep
Conjunctivitis
Draining dermatitis
Exudative lesions
Active tuberculosis
Infectious rashes