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STEP 1 > Micro. > Flashcards

Micro. Flashcards

1
Q

peptidoglycan - 2 functions

A

1) gives rigid support

2) protects against osmotic pressure

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2
Q

cell wall function

A

major surface antigen - induces TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

outer membrane (gram -) functions

A

site of endotoxin (LPS), major surface antigen
Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
O polysaccharide is the antigen

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4
Q

plasma membrane function

A

site of oxidative and transport enzymes

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5
Q

what ribosomes do bacteria have vs. eukaryotes

A

bacteria: 30S + 50S = 70S
eukaryotes: 40S + 60S = 80S

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6
Q

periplasm - location and what it stores

A

location: between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram - bacteria
Stores: hydrolytic enzymes such as beta-lactamases

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7
Q

what are pilus and fimbrae made of

A

glycoprotein

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8
Q

what is a flagellum made out of

A

protein

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9
Q

spore - what is it resistant to, what is it made out of

A

resistant to: dehydration, heat, chemicals

made out of: keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan

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10
Q

capsule - function

A

protects against phagocytosis

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11
Q

quellung reaction

A

used to see if a bacterium is encapsulated

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12
Q

glycocalyx function

A

mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (indwelling catheter)
either a capsule or a biofilm/slime - difficult to remove from surfaces

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13
Q

enzyme that crosslinks the peptide side chains in peptidoglycans

A

transpeptidase

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14
Q

bugs that do not gram stain well + reason why

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

Treponema: too thin to be visualized
Mycobacteria: high lipid content
Mycoplasma: no cell wall
Legionella: intracellular - branched chain fatty acids in cell wall do not stain well
Rickettsia: intracellular parasite
Chlamydia: intracellular parasite - lacks classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid

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15
Q

How to visualize treponema?

A

dark field microscopy

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16
Q

How to visualize legionella?

A

silver stain

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17
Q

What bugs can you visualize with Giemsa?

A

Certain Bugs Really Try My PaSHience

C: chlamydia
B: borrelia
R: Rickettsia
T: trypanosomes --> t. cruzi
P: plasmodium
H: histoplasma
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18
Q

PAS (periodic acid schiff) stains what and what organisms can be visualized?

A

stains: glycogen and mucopolysaccharides
diagnose: Whipple disease - tropheryma whipplei

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19
Q

Ziehl Neelsen (carbol fushsin) helps visualize what organisms

A

Acid fast bacteria: nocordia, mycobacteria, protozoa (cryptosporidium oocyts)

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20
Q

What is the alternative to Ziehl Neelsen and how does it compare?

A

Auramine/rhodamine stain for screening

inexpensive, more sensitive, less specific

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21
Q

India ink can be used to visualize which organisms?

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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22
Q

mucicarmine stain

A

stains red- really just used for cryptococcus neoformans or mucin (some cancers produce mucin)

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23
Q

Silver stain is used to visualize which organisms?

A

fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, helicobacter pylori

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24
Q

H. influenzae requires what culture

A

Chocolate agar

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25
Q

N. gonorrhea/meningitis requires what culture

A

Thayer martin

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26
Q

B. pertussis requires what cultures

A

Bordet Gengou

Regan Lowe

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27
Q

C. diphtheria requires what culture

A

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

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28
Q

M. tuberculosis requires what culture

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

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29
Q

M. pneumoniae requires what culture

A

Eaton agar

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30
Q

Lactose-fermenting enterics require what culture

A

MacConkey agar

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31
Q

E. coli requires what culture:

A

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar

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32
Q

Legionella requires what culture

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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33
Q

Fungi require what culture

A

Sabouraud agar

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34
Q

Chocolate agar contains what

A

Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

35
Q

Thayer Martin contains what

A

Very Typically Cultures Neisseria

Vancomycin, Trimethoprim, Colistin, Nystatin

36
Q

Colistin inhibits what?

A

inhibits gram - except Neisseria

37
Q

Bordet-Gengou agar contains what

A

potatoe

38
Q

Regan Lowe medium contains what?

A

Charcoal, blood, and antibiotic

39
Q

Eaton agar requires what?

A

cholesterol

40
Q

MacConkey agar turns what color and why?

A

Fermentation produces acid, which causes colonies to turn pink

41
Q

What colors do EMB agar colonies turn?

A

colonies have a green metallic sheen

42
Q

Chocolate agar cultures what organisms?

A

h. influenze

43
Q

Thayer Martin agar cultures what organisms?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea/meningitidis

44
Q

Bordet Gengau agar cultures what organisms?

A

B. pertussis

45
Q

Regan-Lowe medium cultures what organisms?

A

B. pertussis

46
Q

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium cultures what organisms?

A

C. diphtheriae

47
Q

Lowenstein Jensen agar cultures what organisms?

A

M tubercululosis

48
Q

Eaton agar cultures what organisms?

A

M. pneuoniae

49
Q

MacConkey agar cultures what organisms?

A

Lactose fermenting enterics

50
Q

EMB agar cultures what organisms?

A

E. coli

51
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron cultures what organisms?

A

Legionella

52
Q

Sabuouraud agar cultures what organisms?

A

fungi

53
Q

aerobic organisms:

A

Nagging Pests MustBreathe

Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium tuberculosis

54
Q

Anaerobic bacteria lack what enzyme(s)

A

Catalase and/or superoxide dismutase - makes them susceptible to oxidative damage

55
Q

Three general features of anaerobic bacteria:

A

1) foul smelling (short chain fatty acids)
2) difficult to culture
3) produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

56
Q

Where are anaerobes normal flora in the body?

A

GI tract

57
Q

What antibiotic is resistant to anaerobes and why?

A

Aminoglycosides because they require O2 to enter the bacterial cell

58
Q

What bacteria are anaerobes?

A

Frankly Can’t Breathe Air

Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

59
Q

Obligate intracellular bugs:

A

[stay inside when it is] Really COld and CHilly

Rickettsia
COxiella
CHlamydia

60
Q

Why are obligate intracellular bugs obligate intracellular?

A

rely on host ATP

61
Q

Facultative intracellular bugs:

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia Pestis
62
Q

Encapsulated organisms:

A

SHiNE SKiS

Salmonella typhi
Haemophlius influenzae type B
Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli

Strep pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep (agalactiae)

63
Q

Urease postive organisms:

A

CHunk PUNKSS

Cryptococcus
H pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
Staph epidermidis
Staph saprophyticus
64
Q

Catalase positive organisms:

A

Cats Need PLACESS

```
Catalase
Nocardia
Psuedomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
Staphylococci
Serratia
~~~

65
Q

Actinomyces israelli color

A

yellow sulfur granules - composed of filaments of bacteria

66
Q

S. aureus pigment

A

yellow pigment

67
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa pigment

A

blue green pigment

68
Q

Serratia marcescens pigment

A

red pigment

69
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin and MOA

A

diphtheria toxin

Inactivates EF2 via ADP ribosylation

70
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin and MOA

A

Exotoxin A

Inactivates EF2 via ADP ribosylation

71
Q

Shigella toxin and MOA

A

Shiga-toxin

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA (inhibits protein synth)

72
Q

EHEC toxin and MOA

A

Shiga-like toxin (SLT) - inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA (inhibits protein synth)

73
Q

ETEC toxin and MOA

A

Heat labile toxin & heat stable toxin

HLT: overactivates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP, increasing Cl- secretion in gut and water efflux

HST: overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP, decreasing reabsoprtion of NACL and H20 in gut

74
Q

Bacillus anthracis toxin and MOA

A

edema toxin

mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme, increasing cAMP

75
Q

Vibrio cholera toxin and MOA

A

cholera toxin
Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by permanently activating Gs - increases Cl- secretion in gut and H20 efflux

76
Q

Bordatella pertussis toxin and MOA

A

pertussis toxin

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by disabling Gi = impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe

77
Q

clostridium tetani toxin and MOA

A

Tetanospasmin
Protease that cleaves SNARE - prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine) from Renshaw cells in spinal cord

78
Q

clostridium botulinum toxin and MOA

A

botulinum toxin

protease that cleaves SNARE - prevents release of stimulatory Ach neurotransmitter that signals at NMJ

79
Q

clostridium perfringens toxin and MOA

A

alpha toxin

phosphlipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes

80
Q

Strep pyogenes toxin and MOA

A

Streptolysin O

Protein that degrades cell membranes

81
Q

staph aureus toxin and MOA

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
Binds to MHC II and TCR outsie of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN gamma, and TNF-alpha

82
Q

strep pyogenes superantigen toxin and MOA

A

exotoxin A
Binds to MHC II and TCR outsie of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN gamma, and TNF-alpha

83
Q

What do spores have in their core?

A

dipicolinic acid

84
Q

How do you kill spores

A

must autoclave to potentially kills pores (steam at 121 degrees for 15 minutes)

STEP 1 (26 decks)

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