Micro 3 USMLE Flashcards by Mani Yavi

You can see tinea as mold hyphae with this type of prep. tineas are not dimorphic.

KOH prep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes thrush in immunocompromized pts (neonates, taking steroids, dbts, AIDS), vulvovaginitis (pts with high pH, dbts, using AB), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

candida albicans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, lung gavity aspergilloma (“fungus ball”), invasive aspergillosis. It’s MOLD has septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45*) angle. Not dimorphic

Aspergillus fumigatus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes meningitis and systemic dz. It is a heavily encapsulated YEAST. It is not dimorphic. It is found in soil, pigeon droppings. Culture it on Sabouraud’s agar and stain with India ink. Latex agglutination test detects polysaccaride capusular Ag.

Cryptococcus neoformans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes systemic dz. MOLD with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90*). Dz strikes mostly ketoacidotic diabetics and leukemic pts. Fungi also proliferate in the walls of blood vessels and cuases infaction of distal tissue. Can cause Rhinocerebral and frontal lobe abscesses.

Mucor & Rhizopus spp.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

pseudohyphae + buddign yeasts. Germ tubes at 37*C [image p. 147]

candida

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

45* angle branching septate hyphae. Rare fruiting bodies [image p. 147]

aspergillus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

5-10um yeast with wide capsular halo. Narrow based unequal buddign [image p. 147]

cryptococcus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

Irregular broad (empty looking) nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branchign[image p. 147]

Mucor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Yeast that is inhaled and causes diffuse interstitial pnneumonia in AIDS pts

pneumocystis carinii

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dx of P. Carinii

lung bx of lavage. I.D. w/ silver stain.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tx of P. Carinia

TMP-SMX

prophylaxis when CD4 drops below 200 cells/ml in HIV pts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation often traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by a thorn (“rose gardener’s dz), causes local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics (ascending lymphangitis). Causes little systemic illness. Cigar shaped budding yeast visible in pus.

sporothrix schenkii

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tx sporothrix schenkii w/

iatraconazole or potassium iodide.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

key words: yeast forms, unequal budding

sporothrix schenkii

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes bloody diarrhea, dysentary, liver abscess, RUQ pain. Is transmitted via cysts in the water. dx by trophosoits or cysts in stool.

entamoeba histolytica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tx of entamoeba histolytica

metronidazole & iodoquinol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by trophozoitese or cysts in stool.

Giardia lamblia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tx of Giardia lamblia

metronidazole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes mild watery diarrhea or severe diarrhea in AIDS. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by cysts on acid fast stain. No tx

cryptosporidium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes brain abscesses in HIV and birth defects in neonates. Transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces. Dx is by seriology or bx.

toxoplasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tx of toxoplama

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes malaria: cyclic fever, headache, anemia splenomegaly. Transmitted by Mosquito. Dx is by blood smear.

Plasmodium (vivax, ovale, malariae, faciparum.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most severe malaria (cerebral) is from infection with

P. falciparum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tx of malaria

Chloroquine

Causes vaginitis: foul-smelling greenish discharge with itching and birning. Sexual transmission. Dx via trophozoites on wet mount

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Tx of Trichomonas Vaginalis

metronidazole

Causes Chagas' dz (dialated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus). Transmitted via the reduviid bug. Dx by blood smear.

Trypanosoma cruzi

Tx of Trypanosoma cruzi

Nifurimox

Causes african sleeping sickness. transmitted by the tsetse fly. dx via blood smear.

trypanosoma (T. gambiense, T. rhodensiense)

Tx of trypanosoma

suramin for blood borne dx or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) transmitted by the sandfly. dx by macrophages containing amastigotes.

Leishmania donovani

tx of Leishmania donovani

sodium stibogluconate

causes babesiosis: fever and anemia. transmitted by Ixodes tick. Dx by blood smear, shows no RBC pigment, appears as "maltese cross"

babesia

babesia is tx with

quinine, clindamycin

cause rapidly fatall meningoencephalitis. transmitted by swimming in freshwater lakes (enters via cribiform plate) dx by amebas in spinal fluid. No tx.

Naegleria

helminths are ______

cestodes (tapeworms) & trematodes (flukes) & Nematodes (roundworms)

cestodes are _______

tapeworms

trematodes are ______

flukes

this cestodode is transmitted by eating undercooked pork, larvae can cause mass lesions in the brain or disseminated dz (cystercercosis)

taenia solium

tx for taenia solium

praziquantel/niclosamide; albendazole for cistercercosis

this cestode is transmitted by eggs in dog feces which when ingested can cause cysts in the liver and cause anaphylaxis if antigens are released form cysts

Echinococcus granulosus

tx for Echinococcus granulosus

albendazole

this trematode uses snails as a host. Cercariae penetrate the skin of humans and cause granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver

schistosoma

tx of schistosoma

praziquantel

this trematode is transmitted via undercooked fish. It causes inflammation of the biliary tract

clonorchis sinesis

this trematode is transmitted via undercooked crab meat. It causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infectgion of the lung.

Paragoniimus westermani

tx of Paragoniimus westermani

praziquantel

tx of trematodes (flukes) and many Cestodes (tapeworms)

Praziquantel

Nematodes are ________

roundworms

this nematodes larvae penetrates the skin of the feet causing an intestinal infection that can cause anemia

ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

tx of ancylostoma duodenale

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

this nematode that causes intestinal infection has eggs that are visible in the feces

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

Tx of Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes an intestinal infection and symptoms include anal pruritis

enterobius vermicularis

tx of enterobius vermicularis

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

this nematode spreads when larvae in the soil penetrate the skin. It results in an intestinal infection

strongyloides stercoralis

tx of strongyloides stercoralis

Ivermectin/ thiabendazole

this nematode is transmitted in undercooked meat, usually pork and results in inflammation of the muscle and periorbital edema

trichinella spiralis

tx of trichinella spiralis

thiabendazole

this nematode is spread in drinking water. It results in skin inflammation and ulceration

dracunculus medinensis

tx of dracunculus medinensis

niridazole

this nematode is transmitted by the deer fly. It causes swelling in the skin and you can sometimes see worm crawling in the conjunctiva.

loa loa

tx of loa loa

diethylcarbamazine

this nematode is transmitted by femlae blackflies and causes river blindness

Onchocerca volvulus

tx of Onchocerca volvulus

ivermectin

this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes granulomas. If it occurs in retina it can lead to blindness. It also causes visceral larva migrans.

toxocara canis

tx of toxocara canis

diethylcarbamazine

this nematode is spread by the female mosquito. It causes blockage of the lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis)

Wuchereria bancrofti

tx of Wuchereria bancrofti

diethylcarbamazine

you find brain cysts & seizures. What is the organism?

taenia solium

you find liver cysts. What is the organism?

echinococcus granulosus

you find vit B12 deficiency. What is the organism?

diphyllobothrium latum

you find biliary tract dz. What is the organism?

clonorchis sinensis

you find hemoptysis. What is the organism?

paragonimus westermani

you find portal hypertension. What is the organism?

schistosoma mansoni

you find hematuria, bladder cancer. What is the organism?

Schistosoma haematobium

you find microcytic anemia. What is the organism?

Ancylostoma, Necator

you find perianal pritis. What is the organism?

enterobius

Tricky Ts: | What is chlamydia TRACHomatis

bacteria, STD

Tricky Ts: | What is TRICHomonas vaginalis

protozoan, STD

Tricky Ts: | What is TRICHinella spiralis

worm in undercooked meat

Tricky Ts: | What is TRYPanosoma

causes chagas dz or african sleeping sickness

Tricky Ts: | What is treponema

spirochete; causes syphilis or yaws

All DNA viruses except the parvoviridae are __DNA

ds mneu: dsDNA like our cells except for parvovirus which is "part-of-a-virus" ->ssDNA

all DNA viral genomes are _____ except papoviruses and hepadnaviruses

linear

Naked nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV) and (+) ssRNA (mRNA) viruses are _______

infectious

Naked nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are ________

non-infectious

Naked (nonenveloped RNA viruses include

Calcivirus, Picornavirus, & Reovirus mneu: Naked CPR

viral nucleic acids with the same structure as the host nucleic acids ar infective alone; others require special enzymes (contained in intact viron) T or F

Generally, enveloped viruses aquire their envelopes from _______ when they exit from the cell.

plasma membrane

Herpesviruses aquire envelopes from _______

nuclear membrane

all viruses are _______ ( 1 copy DNA or RNA) except retroviruses, which are ________ (2 identical ssRNA molecules

haploid | diploid

all DNA viruses replicate in the ______ (except poxvirus)

nucleus

all RNA viruses replicate in the ________ (except influenza virus and retroviruses)

cytoplasm

DNA viruses are HHAPPPy viruses

hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papova

most DNA viruses have these 4 things in common

1) ds (except Parvo) 2) linear (exept papova & Hepadna) 3) are icosahedral (except pox) 4) replicate in the nucleus (except Pox)

naked DNA viruses

Parvo, Adeno, Papova mneu: you need to b e naked for a PAP smear

enveloped DNA viruses

Hepadna,Pox,Herpes

this virus is of the hepadnavirus family. It is enveloped and partially circular dsDNA virus. It is not a retrovirus but has a reverse transcriptase. It can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. There is a vaccine available.

HBV

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause oral (and some genital) lesions) and keratoconjunctivitis.

HSV-1

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause genital(and some oral ) lesions

HSV-2

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause chickenpox, zoster, and shingles

VZV

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma

EBV

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause congenital defects and infection in immunosuppressed pts (esp. transplant recipients)

CMV

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Roseola (exanthem subitum

HHV-6

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Kaposi's sarcoma

HHV-8

this naked, linear, dsDNA causes febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis.

adenovirus

This tiny naked ss linear DNA virus can cause aplatic crises in sickle cell dz, "slapped cheeks" rash, erythema infectiosum (fifth dz) & hydrops fetalis

parvovirus B19

this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause warts, CIN, and cervical cancer

HPV

this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV

JC virus

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family is a scare for germ warfare

small pox

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause "milkmaid's blisters"

cowpox (Vaccinia)

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause white pustulese with cottage cheesy like material innside

molluscum contageosum

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause paralysis

poliovirus

salk/sabin polio vaccines the one with killed virus and no risk for infection

salk

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis

echovirus

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause the "common cold"

Rhinovirus

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis, herpangia, febrile pharyngitis, hand, foot and mouth dz, myocarditis

Coxsackievirus

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause acute viral hepatitis

HAV

this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause heptatis

HEV

this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause viral gastroenteritis

Norwalk virus

this is a nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA viruswith an double icosahedral capsid can cause colorado tick fever

reovirus

this nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA virus of the reovirus family with an double icosahedral capsid is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

rotavirus

this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid contains HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus

Flavivirus

this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid causes Rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis

Togavirus

this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes AIDS

HIV

this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes T-cell leukemia

HTLV

this member of the orthomyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- liniar segnebted RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes the "flu"

influenza virus

this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes croup in children (barking cough)

parainfluenza

this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes bronchilitis in babies

RSV

tx for RSV

ribavirin

this family contains enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid (includes parainfluenza, RSV, measels, mumps)

paramyxoviruses

this member of the rhabdoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid

rabies

this member of the filovirusesis an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes hemorrhagic fever and is often fatal

Ebola/Marburg

this enveloped ss + linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes the "common cold" and SARS

coronavirus

this member of the arenavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis

LCV

this member of the bunyavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hemorrhagic fever and pneumonia

hantavirus

this virus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

bunyavirus

this member of the deltavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hepatiis

HDV

viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions

live attenuated

______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.

killed

it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts

live

measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.

live attenuated

rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines

killed mneu: SalK=Killed

Flu, MMR,Yellow fever are all ____ based vaccines

egg mneu=FRY an egg

HBV is a _____ vaccine

recombinant

Viral genetics: this describes the exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

recombination

Viral genetics: this describes when viruses with segmented genomes (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing) exchange segments. It is a cause of high frequency recombinationa nd a cause of wordwide pandemics (recombination,complimentation, reassortment)

reassortment

Viral genetics: this describes when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protien. The nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protiein that sesrves both viruses. (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

complimentation

viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions

live attenuated

______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.

killed

it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts

live

measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.

live attenuated

rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines

killed mneu: SalK=Killed

Viral genetics: this describes when genome of virus A can be coated with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypically mixed virus. However, the progeny from this infection has a type A coat and is encoaded by its type A genetic material(recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

phenotypic mixing

give the sx of the viral pathogens: herpesviruses (HSV types 1 & 2, VZV, CMV, EBV) HBV smallpox

DNA enveloped viruses

give the sx of the viral pathogens: adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus

DNA nucleocapsid viruses

give the sx of the viral pathogens: influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, RSV, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, rabies virus, HTLV, HIV

RNA enveloped viruses

give the sx of the viral pathogens: enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV), rhinovirus, reovirus

RNA nucleocapsid viruses

explain the concept of slow virus infections and give 2 examples

virus existes in pt for months to years before it manifests as clinical dz. SSPE (late sequela of measles), PML (reactivation of JC virus) in immunocompromized pts, especially AIDS

segmented viruses are all ____ viruses

rna

segmented viruses include (4)

mneu: BOAR Bunyaviruses Orthomyxoviruses(influenza virus) Arenaviruses, Reoviruses.

Influenza virus consists of 8 segments that can undergo reassortment, causing antigenic ______ that lead to worldwide epidemics of the flu.

shifts

this group includes Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, & HAV.

Picornavirus mneu: PERCH on a "peak" (pico)

describe picornaviruses

small RNA virus mneu: (pequeno) picoRNA virus

this type of virus is a non-enveloped RNA virus and the cause of the common cold. There is 100 serologic types

Rhinovirus mneu: Rhino has a runny nose

this segmented dsRNA reovirus is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis and a cause of acute diarrhea in the US during the winter

Rotavirus mneu: ROTA=Right Out The Anus

this virus group causes dz in children. Members include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, and measles as well as RSV, which causes respiratory tract infections in infants. All members of this group have 1 serotype except parainfluenza which has 4

Paramyxoviruses

this virus is a paramyxovirus with 1 serotype. Symptoms include: Parotitis, Orchitis (inflammation of the testes) and aseptic Meningitis. It can cause sterility (esp. after puberty)

Mumps viurs mneu: Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms.

pt presents with head cold, cough, conjunctivitis, & Koplik spots (bluish-gray spots on buccal mucosa). What virus?

Measles ``` mneu: 3 C's of measles cough coryza (head cold) conjuntivitis also Koplik spots ```

give 2 possilbe sequelae in measles

SSPE & encephalitis & giant cell pneumonia (rarely in immunosupressed)

What is Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?

A chronic brain disease of children and adolescents that occurs months to often years after an attack of measles, causing convulsions, motor abnormalities, mental retardation and, usually, death.