Micro 3 USMLE Flashcards
You can see tinea as mold hyphae with this type of prep. tineas are not dimorphic.
KOH prep
this opportunistic fungal infxn causes thrush in immunocompromized pts (neonates, taking steroids, dbts, AIDS), vulvovaginitis (pts with high pH, dbts, using AB), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
candida albicans
this opportunistic fungal infxn causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, lung gavity aspergilloma (“fungus ball”), invasive aspergillosis. It’s MOLD has septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45*) angle. Not dimorphic
Aspergillus fumigatus
this opportunistic fungal infxn causes meningitis and systemic dz. It is a heavily encapsulated YEAST. It is not dimorphic. It is found in soil, pigeon droppings. Culture it on Sabouraud’s agar and stain with India ink. Latex agglutination test detects polysaccaride capusular Ag.
Cryptococcus neoformans
this opportunistic fungal infxn causes systemic dz. MOLD with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90*). Dz strikes mostly ketoacidotic diabetics and leukemic pts. Fungi also proliferate in the walls of blood vessels and cuases infaction of distal tissue. Can cause Rhinocerebral and frontal lobe abscesses.
Mucor & Rhizopus spp.
Oportunic Fungal Infxn:
pseudohyphae + buddign yeasts. Germ tubes at 37*C [image p. 147]
candida
Oportunic Fungal Infxn:
45* angle branching septate hyphae. Rare fruiting bodies [image p. 147]
aspergillus
Oportunic Fungal Infxn:
5-10um yeast with wide capsular halo. Narrow based unequal buddign [image p. 147]
cryptococcus
Oportunic Fungal Infxn:
Irregular broad (empty looking) nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branchign[image p. 147]
Mucor
Yeast that is inhaled and causes diffuse interstitial pnneumonia in AIDS pts
pneumocystis carinii
Dx of P. Carinii
lung bx of lavage. I.D. w/ silver stain.
Tx of P. Carinia
TMP-SMX
prophylaxis when CD4 drops below 200 cells/ml in HIV pts
dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation often traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by a thorn (“rose gardener’s dz), causes local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics (ascending lymphangitis). Causes little systemic illness. Cigar shaped budding yeast visible in pus.
sporothrix schenkii
tx sporothrix schenkii w/
iatraconazole or potassium iodide.
key words: yeast forms, unequal budding
sporothrix schenkii
causes bloody diarrhea, dysentary, liver abscess, RUQ pain. Is transmitted via cysts in the water. dx by trophosoits or cysts in stool.
entamoeba histolytica
tx of entamoeba histolytica
metronidazole & iodoquinol
Causes bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by trophozoitese or cysts in stool.
Giardia lamblia
tx of Giardia lamblia
metronidazole
Causes mild watery diarrhea or severe diarrhea in AIDS. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by cysts on acid fast stain. No tx
cryptosporidium
causes brain abscesses in HIV and birth defects in neonates. Transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces. Dx is by seriology or bx.
toxoplasma
Tx of toxoplama
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
Causes malaria: cyclic fever, headache, anemia splenomegaly. Transmitted by Mosquito. Dx is by blood smear.
Plasmodium (vivax, ovale, malariae, faciparum.
Most severe malaria (cerebral) is from infection with
P. falciparum
tx of malaria
Chloroquine
Causes vaginitis: foul-smelling greenish discharge with itching and birning. Sexual transmission. Dx via trophozoites on wet mount
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Tx of Trichomonas Vaginalis
metronidazole
Causes Chagas’ dz (dialated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus). Transmitted via the reduviid bug. Dx by blood smear.
Trypanosoma cruzi
Tx of Trypanosoma cruzi
Nifurimox
Causes african sleeping sickness. transmitted by the tsetse fly. dx via blood smear.
trypanosoma (T. gambiense, T. rhodensiense)
Tx of trypanosoma
suramin for blood borne dx or melarsoprol for CNS penetration
causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) transmitted by the sandfly. dx by macrophages containing amastigotes.
Leishmania donovani
tx of Leishmania donovani
sodium stibogluconate
causes babesiosis: fever and anemia. transmitted by Ixodes tick. Dx by blood smear, shows no RBC pigment, appears as “maltese cross”
babesia
babesia is tx with
quinine, clindamycin
cause rapidly fatall meningoencephalitis. transmitted by swimming in freshwater lakes (enters via cribiform plate) dx by amebas in spinal fluid. No tx.
Naegleria
helminths are ______
cestodes (tapeworms) & trematodes (flukes) & Nematodes (roundworms)
cestodes are _______
tapeworms
trematodes are ______
flukes
this cestodode is transmitted by eating undercooked pork, larvae can cause mass lesions in the brain or disseminated dz (cystercercosis)
taenia solium
tx for taenia solium
praziquantel/niclosamide; albendazole for cistercercosis
this cestode is transmitted by eggs in dog feces which when ingested can cause cysts in the liver and cause anaphylaxis if antigens are released form cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
tx for Echinococcus granulosus
albendazole
this trematode uses snails as a host. Cercariae penetrate the skin of humans and cause granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver
schistosoma
tx of schistosoma
praziquantel
this trematode is transmitted via undercooked fish. It causes inflammation of the biliary tract
clonorchis sinesis
this trematode is transmitted via undercooked crab meat. It causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infectgion of the lung.
Paragoniimus westermani
tx of Paragoniimus westermani
praziquantel
tx of trematodes (flukes) and many Cestodes (tapeworms)
Praziquantel
Nematodes are ________
roundworms
this nematodes larvae penetrates the skin of the feet causing an intestinal infection that can cause anemia
ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
tx of ancylostoma duodenale
mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
this nematode that causes intestinal infection has eggs that are visible in the feces
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
Tx of Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes an intestinal infection and symptoms include anal pruritis
enterobius vermicularis
tx of enterobius vermicularis
mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
this nematode spreads when larvae in the soil penetrate the skin. It results in an intestinal infection
strongyloides stercoralis
tx of strongyloides stercoralis
Ivermectin/ thiabendazole
this nematode is transmitted in undercooked meat, usually pork and results in inflammation of the muscle and periorbital edema
trichinella spiralis
tx of trichinella spiralis
thiabendazole
this nematode is spread in drinking water. It results in skin inflammation and ulceration
dracunculus medinensis
tx of dracunculus medinensis
niridazole
this nematode is transmitted by the deer fly. It causes swelling in the skin and you can sometimes see worm crawling in the conjunctiva.
loa loa
tx of loa loa
diethylcarbamazine
this nematode is transmitted by femlae blackflies and causes river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
tx of Onchocerca volvulus
ivermectin
this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes granulomas. If it occurs in retina it can lead to blindness. It also causes visceral larva migrans.
toxocara canis
tx of toxocara canis
diethylcarbamazine
this nematode is spread by the female mosquito. It causes blockage of the lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis)
Wuchereria bancrofti
tx of Wuchereria bancrofti
diethylcarbamazine
you find brain cysts & seizures. What is the organism?
taenia solium
you find liver cysts. What is the organism?
echinococcus granulosus
you find vit B12 deficiency. What is the organism?
diphyllobothrium latum
you find biliary tract dz. What is the organism?
clonorchis sinensis
you find hemoptysis. What is the organism?
paragonimus westermani
you find portal hypertension. What is the organism?
schistosoma mansoni
you find hematuria, bladder cancer. What is the organism?
Schistosoma haematobium
you find microcytic anemia. What is the organism?
Ancylostoma, Necator
you find perianal pritis. What is the organism?
enterobius
Tricky Ts:
What is chlamydia TRACHomatis
bacteria, STD
Tricky Ts:
What is TRICHomonas vaginalis
protozoan, STD
Tricky Ts:
What is TRICHinella spiralis
worm in undercooked meat
Tricky Ts:
What is TRYPanosoma
causes chagas dz or african sleeping sickness
Tricky Ts:
What is treponema
spirochete; causes syphilis or yaws
All DNA viruses except the parvoviridae are __DNA
ds
mneu: dsDNA like our cells except for parvovirus which is “part-of-a-virus” ->ssDNA
all DNA viral genomes are _____ except papoviruses and hepadnaviruses
linear
Naked nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV) and (+) ssRNA (mRNA) viruses are _______
infectious
Naked nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are ________
non-infectious
Naked (nonenveloped RNA viruses include
Calcivirus, Picornavirus, & Reovirus
mneu: Naked CPR
viral nucleic acids with the same structure as the host nucleic acids ar infective alone; others require special enzymes (contained in intact viron) T or F
T
Generally, enveloped viruses aquire their envelopes from _______ when they exit from the cell.
plasma membrane
Herpesviruses aquire envelopes from _______
nuclear membrane
all viruses are _______ ( 1 copy DNA or RNA) except retroviruses, which are ________ (2 identical ssRNA molecules
haploid
diploid
all DNA viruses replicate in the ______ (except poxvirus)
nucleus
all RNA viruses replicate in the ________ (except influenza virus and retroviruses)
cytoplasm
DNA viruses are HHAPPPy viruses
hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papova
most DNA viruses have these 4 things in common
1) ds (except Parvo)
2) linear (exept papova & Hepadna)
3) are icosahedral (except pox)
4) replicate in the nucleus (except Pox)
naked DNA viruses
Parvo, Adeno, Papova
mneu: you need to b e naked for a PAP smear
enveloped DNA viruses
Hepadna,Pox,Herpes
this virus is of the hepadnavirus family. It is enveloped and partially circular dsDNA virus. It is not a retrovirus but has a reverse transcriptase. It can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. There is a vaccine available.
HBV
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause oral (and some genital) lesions) and keratoconjunctivitis.
HSV-1
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause genital(and some oral ) lesions
HSV-2
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause chickenpox, zoster, and shingles
VZV
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause mononucleosis and Burkitt’s lymphoma
EBV
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause congenital defects and infection in immunosuppressed pts (esp. transplant recipients)
CMV
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Roseola (exanthem subitum
HHV-6
this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Kaposi’s sarcoma
HHV-8
this naked, linear, dsDNA causes febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis.
adenovirus
This tiny naked ss linear DNA virus can cause aplatic crises in sickle cell dz, “slapped cheeks” rash, erythema infectiosum (fifth dz) & hydrops fetalis
parvovirus B19
this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause warts, CIN, and cervical cancer
HPV
this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV
JC virus
this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family is a scare for germ warfare
small pox
this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause “milkmaid’s blisters”
cowpox (Vaccinia)
this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause white pustulese with cottage cheesy like material innside
molluscum contageosum
this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause paralysis
poliovirus
salk/sabin polio vaccines the one with killed virus and no risk for infection
salk
this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis
echovirus
this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause the “common cold”
Rhinovirus
this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis, herpangia, febrile pharyngitis, hand, foot and mouth dz, myocarditis
Coxsackievirus
this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause acute viral hepatitis
HAV
this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause heptatis
HEV
this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause viral gastroenteritis
Norwalk virus
this is a nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA viruswith an double icosahedral capsid can cause colorado tick fever
reovirus
this nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA virus of the reovirus family with an double icosahedral capsid is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
rotavirus
this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid contains HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus
Flavivirus
this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid causes Rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis
Togavirus
this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes AIDS
HIV
this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes T-cell leukemia
HTLV
this member of the orthomyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- liniar segnebted RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes the “flu”
influenza virus
this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes croup in children (barking cough)
parainfluenza
this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes bronchilitis in babies
RSV
tx for RSV
ribavirin
this family contains enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid (includes parainfluenza, RSV, measels, mumps)
paramyxoviruses
this member of the rhabdoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid
rabies
this member of the filovirusesis an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes hemorrhagic fever and is often fatal
Ebola/Marburg
this enveloped ss + linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes the “common cold” and SARS
coronavirus
this member of the arenavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis
LCV
this member of the bunyavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hemorrhagic fever and pneumonia
hantavirus
this virus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever
bunyavirus
this member of the deltavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hepatiis
HDV
viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions
live attenuated
______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.
killed
it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts
live
measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.
live attenuated
rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines
killed
mneu: SalK=Killed
Flu, MMR,Yellow fever are all ____ based vaccines
egg
mneu=FRY an egg
HBV is a _____ vaccine
recombinant
Viral genetics: this describes the exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)
recombination
Viral genetics: this describes when viruses with segmented genomes (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing) exchange segments. It is a cause of high frequency recombinationa nd a cause of wordwide pandemics (recombination,complimentation, reassortment)
reassortment
Viral genetics: this describes when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protien. The nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protiein that sesrves both viruses. (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)
complimentation
viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions
live attenuated
______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.
killed
it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts
live
measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.
live attenuated
rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines
killed
mneu: SalK=Killed
Viral genetics: this describes when genome of virus A can be coated with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypically mixed virus. However, the progeny from this infection has a type A coat and is encoaded by its type A genetic material(recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)
phenotypic mixing
give the sx of the viral pathogens: herpesviruses (HSV types 1 & 2, VZV, CMV, EBV) HBV smallpox
DNA enveloped viruses
give the sx of the viral pathogens: adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus
DNA nucleocapsid viruses
give the sx of the viral pathogens: influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, RSV, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, rabies virus, HTLV, HIV
RNA enveloped viruses
give the sx of the viral pathogens: enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV), rhinovirus, reovirus
RNA nucleocapsid viruses
explain the concept of slow virus infections and give 2 examples
virus existes in pt for months to years before it manifests as clinical dz. SSPE (late sequela of measles), PML (reactivation of JC virus) in immunocompromized pts, especially AIDS
segmented viruses are all ____ viruses
rna
segmented viruses include (4)
mneu: BOAR
Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxoviruses(influenza virus)
Arenaviruses,
Reoviruses.
Influenza virus consists of 8 segments that can undergo reassortment, causing antigenic ______ that lead to worldwide epidemics of the flu.
shifts
this group includes Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, & HAV.
Picornavirus
mneu: PERCH on a “peak” (pico)
describe picornaviruses
small RNA virus
mneu: (pequeno) picoRNA virus
this type of virus is a non-enveloped RNA virus and the cause of the common cold. There is 100 serologic types
Rhinovirus
mneu: Rhino has a runny nose
this segmented dsRNA reovirus is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis and a cause of acute diarrhea in the US during the winter
Rotavirus
mneu: ROTA=Right Out The Anus
this virus group causes dz in children. Members include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, and measles as well as RSV, which causes respiratory tract infections in infants. All members of this group have 1 serotype except parainfluenza which has 4
Paramyxoviruses
this virus is a paramyxovirus with 1 serotype. Symptoms include: Parotitis, Orchitis (inflammation of the testes) and aseptic Meningitis. It can cause sterility (esp. after puberty)
Mumps viurs
mneu: Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms.
pt presents with head cold, cough, conjunctivitis, & Koplik spots (bluish-gray spots on buccal mucosa). What virus?
Measles
mneu: 3 C's of measles cough coryza (head cold) conjuntivitis also Koplik spots
give 2 possilbe sequelae in measles
SSPE & encephalitis & giant cell pneumonia (rarely in immunosupressed)
What is Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
A chronic brain disease of children and adolescents that occurs months to often years after an attack of measles, causing convulsions, motor abnormalities, mental retardation and, usually, death.
