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Step 1 Complete > Embryo USMLE > Flashcards

Embryo USMLE Flashcards

1
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy– fertilization by sperm, initiating embryogenesis

A

day 0

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2
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy –implantation (as a blastocyst)

A

w/in week 1

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3
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy– bilaminar disk

A

w/in week 2

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4
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy– gastrulation, primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form

A

w/in week 3

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5
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy–neural tube formed. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens

A

Week 4

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6
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy-heart begins to beat. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form

A

week 4

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7
Q

give the day/week in a pregnancy–genitalia have male/female characteristics

A

week 10

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8
Q

rule of 2s for 2nd week

A

2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast.
2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac
2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

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9
Q

rule of 3s for 3rd week

A

3 germ layers (gastrula) ectoderm, mesoderm, endodderm

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10
Q

the epiblast (precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form this.

A

primitive streak

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11
Q

cells from the primitive streak give rise to what

A

both intraembryionic mesoderm and endoderm

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12
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the surface ectoderm

A

adenohypophysis, lens of eye, epithelial linings, epidermis

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13
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the neuroectoderm

A

neurohypohyisis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland

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14
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the neural crest cells

A

ANS, dorsal root ganglia,, cranial nerves, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull

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15
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the mesoderm

A

dura mater, CT, mm, bone, CB sxs, lymphatics, blood, UG sxs, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys.

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16
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the endoderm

A

gut tube epithelium and derivitives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).

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17
Q

give some adult sxs that arise from the notochord

A

induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its postnatal derivitive is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk

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18
Q

when are babies most susceptible to the effects of teratogens

A

3rd-8th weeks (organogenesis)

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19
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus:

etoh

A

birth defects and mental retardation (leading cause); FAS

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20
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: ACE inhibitors

A

renal damage

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21
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: Cocaine

A

abnormal fetal dvlpmt and fetal addiction

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22
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: DES

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: iodide

A

congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

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24
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: 13-cis-retinoic acid

A

extremely high risk for birht defects

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25
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: thalidomide

A

limb defects (“flipper” limbs)

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26
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: tobacco

A

preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD

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27
Q

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: warfarin, X-rays

A

multiple anomalies

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28
Q

what else can cause congenital malformations

A

fetal infections (TORCH)

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29
Q

the umbilical cord contains 2 umbilical artieries which do this

and 1 umbilical vein which does this

A

return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal illiac arteries

supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

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30
Q

this sx in the umbilical cord removes nitrogenous waste from the fetal bladder (lika a urethra)

A

allantoic duct

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31
Q

what does the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from embryologically

A

truncus arteriosus

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32
Q

what do the smooth parts of left and right ventricle arise from embryologically

A

bulbus cordid

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33
Q

what do the trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle arise from embryologically

A

primitive ventricle

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34
Q

what do the trabeculated parts of left and right atrium arise from embryologically

A

primitive atria

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35
Q

what does the coronary sinus arise from embryologically

A

Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

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36
Q

what does the smooth part of right atrium arise from embryologically

A

right horn of SV

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37
Q

what does the SVC arise from embryologically

A

right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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38
Q

fetal erythropoeis occurs in these 4 places (give them in correct order

A

1) Yolk sac (3-8 wk)
2) Liver (6-30 wk)
3) Spleen (9-28 wk)
4) Bone Marrow (28 wk onward)

mneu : Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

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39
Q

adult hemoglobin sx

A

α2β2

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40
Q

fetal hgb sx

A

α2γ2

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41
Q

bloood in umbilical vv is _____ saturated w/ O2

A

80%

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42
Q

fetal circulation involves 3 important shunts because this organ is not yet in use

A

lungs

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43
Q

Shunt 1: Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through this sx and pumped out of the aorta to the head

A

foramen ovale

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44
Q

Shunt 2: Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and _________ to the lower body of the fetus

A

ductus arteriosus

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45
Q

Shunt 3: Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vv is conducted via this into the IVC

A

ductus venosis

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46
Q

describe what happens at birth when the infant takes a breath

A

decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased L atrial presure v. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes. Increased O2 leads to decrease in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosis

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47
Q

what drug closes the PDA

A

indomethacin

48
Q

what “drug” can keep a patent PDA open

A

Prostaglandins

49
Q

the ligamentum teres hepatis arises from the _____

A

umbilical vein

50
Q

the mediaL umbilical ligaments arises from the

A

UmbiLical artieries

51
Q

the ligamentum arteriosum arises from the

A

ductus arteriosus

52
Q

the ligamentum venosum arises from the

A

ductus venosus

53
Q

the fossa ovalis develops from the

A

foramen ovale

54
Q

the mediaN umbilical ligament arises from the urachus which arises from the

A

AllaNtois

55
Q

what is the urachus

A

part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus

56
Q

the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk arises from teh

A

notochord

57
Q

what aortic arch doese the MAXillary aa arise from

A

1st

mneu: 1st arch is MAXimal

58
Q

what aortic arch doese the Stapedial aa and hyoid aa arise from

A

2nd

mneu: second=stepedial

59
Q

what aortic arch doese the Common Corotid aa & the proximal part of the internal Carotic arise from

A

3rd

mneu: C is 3rd letter of alphabet

60
Q

what aortic arch doese the aortic arch on L and proximal part of the subclavian aa on R arise from

A

4th

mneu:4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic

61
Q

what aortic arch doese the proximal part of pulmonary and (on L only) ductus arteriosus arise from

A

6th

mneu :6 upside down looks kind of like a P

6=pulmonary and pulmonary to systemic shunt ductus arteriosis

62
Q

branchial clefts are derived from this tissue

A

ectoderm

mneu: CAP covers outside from inside (Clefts=ectoderm, Arches=mesoderm, Pouches=endoderm)

63
Q

branchial arches are derived from this tissue

A

mesoderm and neural crests

64
Q

branchial pouches are derived from this tissue

A

endoderm

65
Q

branchial is sometimes called this

A

pharyngeal

66
Q

clefts are sometimes called this

A

grooves

67
Q

Give 2 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 1 derivitives

A

Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament
Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympany, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue

nerve: CN V2, V3

68
Q

Give 2 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 2 derivitives

A

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Syloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles: mm of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
Nerve: CN VII

69
Q

Give 1 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 3 derivitives

A

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid

mm: stylopharyngeus
nn: CN IX

hint: think of pharynx: stylopharyngeus is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

70
Q

Give 2 cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 4-6 derivitives

A

cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneform
mm (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
mm (6th arch): all intrinsic mm of larynx EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID
nerve: 4th arch – CN X (superior laryngeal branch)
6th arch - CN X (recurrent laryngael branch)

71
Q

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 1

A

CN V2 & V3

72
Q

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 2

A

CN VII

73
Q

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 3

A

CN IX

74
Q

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 4 & 6

A

CN X

75
Q

1st branchial arch forms this portion of the tongue

what is its innervation

A

anterior 2/3

CN V3 (sensation)
CN VII (taste)
76
Q

3rd & 4th branchial arches forms this portion of the tongue

what is its innervation

A

post 1/3

CN IX-taste

CN X-extreme posterior

77
Q

give the cranial nn and nucleus responsible for taste

A

CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus

78
Q

give the cranial nn responsible for pain

A

CN V3, IX, X

79
Q

give the cranial nn responsilbe for motor

A

CN XII

80
Q

1st branchial cleft develops into this

A

external auditory meatus

81
Q

2nd-4th branchial cleft develops into this

A

temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

82
Q

persistant cervical sinuses can lead to this

A

branchial cyst in the neck

83
Q

what parts of the ear develop from the 1st branchial arch

A

bones: Malleus/incus
mm: Tensor tyMpani (V3)

84
Q

what parts of the ear develop from the 1st branchial cleft

A

external auditory meatus

85
Q

what parts of the ear develop from the 2st branchial arch

A

bones: stapes
mm: stapedius (VII)

86
Q

what is a branchial membrane

A

located at the jx of clefts and pouches

87
Q

what part of the ear develops from the 1st branchial membrane

A

eardrum and eustachian tube

88
Q

what does the 1st branchial pouch develop into

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cell

note: 1st pouch contributes to endoderm-lined sxs of ear

89
Q

what does the 2nd branchial pouch develop into

A

epithenial lining of the palatine tonsil

90
Q

what does the 3rd branchial pouch (dorsal wings) develop into

A

INFERIOR PARATHYROIDS

91
Q

what does the 3rd branchial pouch (ventral wings) develop into

A

thymus

92
Q

what does the 4th branchial pouch develop into

A

superior parathyroids

93
Q

aberant development of 3rd and 4th pouches can result in this syndrome which leads to T-cell deficiency (thymic aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development

A

DiGeorge syndrome

94
Q

The development of the thyroid: The thyroid diverticulum arises from the floor of primitive pharyx, which descends into the neck. It is connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as a pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct. The most common ectopic thyroid tissue is found at this site

A

tongue

95
Q

A cleft lip is the result of failure of fusion of these two processes

A

maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary plate)

96
Q

A cleft palate is failure of fusion of these things

A

lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes (formation of secondary paalate)

97
Q

diaphram is derived from 4 sxs what are they

A

1) septum transversum
2) pleuroperitoneal folds
3) body wall
4) dorsal mesentery of esophagus

mneu: Several Parts Build Diaphram

98
Q

Diaphram descends during dvlpmt but maintains innervation from above. what is the innervation.

A

C3-5

mneu: C3,4,5 keeps the diaphram alive

99
Q

incomplete develop of the diaphram may cause abdominal contents to herniate into the thorax. What is this called

A

hiatal hernia

100
Q

what part of the gut is the pancreas derived

A

foregut

101
Q

which pancreatic bud develops into the pancreatic head, uncinate proces (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct.

A

ventral pancratic bud

102
Q

which pancreatic bud develops into the body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct

A

dorsal pancreatic duct

103
Q

this describes when ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle the duodenum forming a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing

A

annular pancreus

104
Q

T or F: Spleen arises from dorsal mesentary but is supplied by artery of foregut

A

T

105
Q

name the genital ducts of the embryo

A

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

106
Q

what does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into

A

Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens

107
Q

what does the paramesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into

A

fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina

108
Q

this substance secreted by the testes, suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males

A

mullerian inhibiting substance

109
Q

increase in these hormones cause the development of the mesonephric ducts

A

increase androgens

110
Q

genetial tubercle exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

A

glans penis

111
Q

genetial tubercle exposed to estrogen will develop into

A

glans clitoris

112
Q

UG sinus exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

A

corpus spongiosum, bulbourethral glands (cowpers), prostate gland

113
Q

UG sinus exposed to estrogen will develop into

A

vestibular bulbs, greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin), urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene

114
Q

UG folds exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

A

ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

115
Q

UG folds exposed to estrogen will develop into

A

labia minora

116
Q

labioscrotal swelling exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

A

scrotum

117
Q

labioscrotal swelling exposed to estrogenwill develop into

A

labia majora

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