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DIT Microbiology > Micro 0 > Flashcards

Micro 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient with tinnitus, dizziness, headaches, and GI distress. What drug is causing these symptoms?

A

This patient presents with Cinchonism: Caused by quinine or quinidine.

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2
Q

What testicular tumor describes composed of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts?

A

Choriocarcinoma.

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3
Q

What testicular tumor may present with initially with gynecomastia?

A

Leydig cell tumor.

Rarely a Sertoli tumor.

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4
Q

What testicular tumor describes with elevated AFP?

A

Yolk sac tumor.

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5
Q

What testicular tumor describes elevated beta-hCG?

A
  1. Choriocarcinoma

2. Embryonal carcinoma

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6
Q

What testicular tumor describes histological appearance similar to koilocytes (cytoplasmic clearing)?

A

Seminoma

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7
Q

Which medication overdose can be treated with sodium bicarbonate?

A

Bicarbonate alkalinizes urine, trapping weak acids. It is used to treat overdoses with weak acids such as aspirin.

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8
Q

What substances do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells use to induce apoptosis in the cells infected with virus?

A

Perforin and granzymes.

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9
Q

What highly damaging events can cause irreversible cell injury?

A
  1. Calcium influx
  2. Damage to the plasma membrane
  3. Rupture of the lysosomes
  4. Mitochondria permeability
  5. Damage to the nucleus.
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10
Q

What ovarian tumor is lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium?

A

Serous cystadenoma

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11
Q

What ovarian tumor is associated with ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax?

A

Meigs syndrome of ovarian fibroma

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12
Q

What ovarian tumor is associated with multiple different tissue types?

A

Teratoma

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13
Q

What ovarian tumor is associated with elevated beta-hCG?

A

Choriocarcinoma, dysgerminoma

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14
Q

What ovarian tumor resembles bladder epithelium?

A

Brenner tumor.

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of DIC?

A 
"STOP Making Thrombi"
Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetric complications
Pancreatitis
Malignancy
Transfusion
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of Heart murmur?

A

Mitral valve prolapse.

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of coronary artery involved in thrombosis?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD).

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of death in lupus patients?

A

Renal failure from lupus nephropathy.

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19
Q

What is the most common congenital heart anomaly?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD).

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20
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Addison disease?

A 
Increased skin pigmentation.
Hypotension.
Weakness.
Malaise.
Anorexia.
Weight loss.
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21
Q

What is the cause of Addison disease?

A

Autoimmune disease that attacks adrenal glands. It causes adrenal atrophy causing decreased aldosterone and cortisol.

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22
Q

What is the classical presentation of a brachial cleft cyst?

A

Neck mass that lies laterally along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
It does not move with swallowing.

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23
Q

What pathology is associated with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy?

A

Sarcoidosis. Also see noncasiating granulomas.

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24
Q

What pathology is associated with cherry-red spot on the macula?

A
  1. Tay-Sachs
  2. Niemann-Pick
  3. Central retinal artery occlusion
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25
Q

What pathology is associated with slapped-cheek rash on child?

A

Parvovirus B19.

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26
Q

What organism is associated with dog or cat bite?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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27
Q

What pathology is associated with facial muscle spasm upon tapping the cheek?

A

Chvostek’s sign (hypocalcemia).

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28
Q

What pathology is associated with cough, conjunctivitis, coryza?

A

Measles (the big three C’s).

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29
Q

What pathology is associated with nephritis, hearing loss and cataracts?

A

Alport syndrome.

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30
Q

What regulates prolactin secretion from the pituitary?

A

TRH increases prolactin secretion.
Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion.
Prolaction inhibits prolactin release by increasing dopamine secretion.

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31
Q

What is the classic clinical presentation of a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

Asymptomatic mass in the midline neck. Moves with swallowing. Often found in patients

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32
Q

What is HAART and what does it do?

A

HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART).

It is a combination of at least 3 different HIV medication to attack the virus in different stages of replication cycle.

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33
Q

When is should a patient with HIV start HAART?

A

Everyone with HIV regardless of CD4 count, definitely in anyone w/ CD4 count

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34
Q

What are some protease inhibitors?

A 
All end with "navir":
Saquinavir
Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
Fosamprinavir
Lopinavir
Tipranavir
Atazanavir
Darunavir
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35
Q

What does large “bull’s eye” rash suggest?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans (Lyme disease).

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36
Q

What does “strawberry tongue” suggest?

A

Kawasaki.
Scarlet fever.
Toxic shock syndrome.

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37
Q

What does “resting tremor, rigidity” suggest?

A

Parkinson disease.

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38
Q

What does “Rash on palm and soles” suggest?

A

Secondary syphilis.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Coxsackie A virus.

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39
Q

What medications are used to shrink prolactinomas?

A

Dopamine agonists:

  1. Bromocriptine
  2. Cabergoline
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40
Q

In what pathology are smudge cells seen?

A

CLL.

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41
Q

In what pathology is port-wine stain in opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve seen?

A

Sturge-Weber syndrome.

42
Q

In what pathoklogy do we see S3 heart sound?

A
  1. Dilated cardiomyopathy.
  2. Post-MI.
  3. Left ventricular failure.
  4. Mitral regurgitation.
  5. Left-to-Right shunt (VSD, ASD, PDA).
43
Q

In what pathology do we see adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia?

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

44
Q

In what pathology do we see Ferruginous bodies?

A

Asbestosis.

45
Q

What pathology do we see subepithelial humps on Electron Microscopy (EM)?

A

Postreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

46
Q

In what pathology do we see Spike and dome on EM?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis.

47
Q

In what pathology do we see currant jelly stoool?

A

Intussusception.

48
Q

In what pathology do we see adverse reaction from mixing succinylcholine with inhaled anesthetics?

A

Malignant hyperthermia.

49
Q

A 48 year old woman has been suffering with progressive lethargy and extreme sensitivity to cold. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s).

50
Q

What enzyme of the adrenal steroid synthesis pathway is inhibited by ketoconazole?

A

Desmolase.

51
Q

What pathology gives lens-shaped lesion on head CT?

A

Epidural hematoma.

52
Q

What pathology causes no milk production in the postpartum period?

A

Sheehan syndrome.

53
Q

What pathology causes pigmented hamartomas in the iris?

A

Lish nodules (neurofibromatosis).

54
Q

In what pathology do we see Howell-Jowell bodies?

A

They are DNA remnants inside RBC in asplenia.

55
Q

What cancer is associated with asbestos?

A

Malignant mesothelioma and bronchogenic cancer.

56
Q

In what pathology do we see Owl’s eye inclusions?

A

CMV.

57
Q

In what pathology do we see Owl’s eye nucleus?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma).

58
Q

In what pathology do we see Owl’s eye protozoan?

A

Giardia lamblia.

59
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis of a 50 year-old-man with new, unexplained skin yellowing and no other symptoms?

A

Pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas.

60
Q

What enzyme is deficient in PKU and what are the symptoms?

A

Enzyme deficient is phenylalanine hydroxylase. It causes musty body odor, growth retardation, mental retardation, seizures, eczema and fair skin.

61
Q

What is the precursor molecule of ACTH synthesis?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

62
Q

What organism is associated with cat scratch?

A

Bartonella henselae.

63
Q

What organism is associated with cat bite or dog bite?

A

Pasteurella multocida.

64
Q

What organism is associated with cat feces?

A

Toxoplasma.

65
Q

What organism is associated with puppy feces?

A

Yersenia enterocolitica.

66
Q

What organism is associated with animal urine?

A

Leptospira.

67
Q

What organism is associated with deer and rodent urine?

A

Hantavirus.

68
Q

What are the hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

[MALT PFG]

  1. MSH: Melanin release; sexual arousal.
  2. ACTH: Cortisol release.
  3. LH: Testosterone production or Estrogen and progesterone production.
  4. TSH: Thyroid hormone production and secretion.
  5. Prolactin: Milk production and secretion.
  6. FSH: Follicular development or spermatogenesis.
  7. GH: Stimulates growth.
69
Q

What effect does adiposity generated leptin has on the hypothalamus?

A

Inhibits the lateral area and stimulates ventromedial area of hypothalamus causing satiety.

70
Q

What pathology has anti-desmoglein antibodies?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris.

71
Q

What pathology has anti-basement membrane antibodies?

A

Goodpasture syndrome.

72
Q

What pathology causes cough, conjunctivitis, coryza and fever?

A

Measles.

73
Q

What pathology has Councilman bodies?

A

Apoptotic liver cells (viral hepatitis, yellow fever).

74
Q

What pathology causes green/yellow pigment just within the corneoscleral margin?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson disease).

75
Q

In what pathology do we see anticentromere antibodies?

A

CREST scleroderma.

76
Q

In what pathology do we see dementia + eosinophilic inclusions in neurons?

A

Lewy body dementia.

77
Q

In what pathology do we see anti-dsDNA antibodies?

A

Lupus nephritis.

78
Q

What are the side effects of Orlistat?

A

Steatorrhea, GI discomfort, reduced absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

79
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to sorbitol?

A

Aldose reductase.

80
Q

What is the difference between a case control study, a cohort study, and a clinical trial? Which one allows you to generate odds ratio and which one for relative risk?

A

Case control: Starts w/ population w/ specific outcome, then seeks exposure.

Cohort: Starts w/ exposed population and then looks for specific outcome.

Clinical: Intervention performed and then difference in outcomes sought.

Case-control and cohort are observational while clinical is experimental.
Cohort study allows you to calculate relative risk while case-control for odds ratio.

81
Q

In addition to colon cancer, what is one of the most common causes of GI bleeding in the elderly?

A

Angiodysplasia.

82
Q

Which vasculitis causes necrotizing granulomas of lung and necrotizing glomerulonephritis?

A

Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis.

83
Q

Which type of vasculitis causes necrotizing immune complex inflammation of visceral/renal vessels?

A

Polyarteritis nodosa.

84
Q

Which type of vasculitis is seen in young asian women?

A

Takayasu arteritis.

85
Q

Which type of vasculitis is seen in young asthmatics?

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome.

86
Q

Which type of vasculitis is seen in infants and young children; involved coronary arteries?

A

Kawasaki disease.

87
Q

Which type of vasculitis is the most common?

A

Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis).

88
Q

Which type of vasculitis is associated with hepatitis B infection?

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa.

89
Q

What is the antidote for acetaminophen?

A

N-acetylcysteine.

90
Q

What is the antidote for Salicylates?

A

Sodium bicarbonate because aspirin is a weak acid and to trap it we need to alkalanize the urine.
Also use dialysis.

91
Q

What is the antidote for amphetamines?

A

Ammonium chloride because they are weak bases so we are going to acidify the urine to trap it.

92
Q

What is the antidote for anticholinasterase and organophosphates?

A

Atropine blocks the effects of said toxins.

Pralidoxime regenerates pseudocholinestarase.

93
Q

What is the antidote for antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents?

A

Physostigmine.

94
Q

What testicular tumor has histologically may have alveolar or tubular appearance, sometimes with papillary convolutions?

A

Embryonal carcinoma.

95
Q

What testicular tumor is composed of multiple tissue types?

A

Teratoma.

96
Q

What testicular tumor has histologic endodermal sinus structures (Schiller-Duval bodies)?

A

Yolk sac tumor.

97
Q

What testicular tumor has 25% that have cytoplasmic rod-shaped crystalloids of Reinke?

A

Leydig cell tumor.

98
Q

What testicular tumor has androgen producing and associated with precocious puberty?

A

Leydig cell tumor > Sertoli cell tumor.

99
Q

What organism is the most frequent cause of balanitis?

A

Candida albicans.

100
Q

What cells respond to FSH?

A

Granulosa cells.

101
Q

What is the two-cell theory of estradiol production?

A

There is no one cell that can make estrogen alone in the ovaries; it takes two cells to make it: Theca cells make androstenedione and then Granulosa cells convert it to estradiol.

102
Q

What drug would you give to inhibit prolactine secretion?

A

Dopamine analog (e.g. bromocriptine).

DIT Microbiology (33 decks)

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