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Groundschool : Module 1 > Meteorology > Flashcards

Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures of the atmosphere

A

Trophosphere
Tropopause
Ozone layer
Stratosphere
Stratopause
Mesosphere
Mesopause
Thermosphere

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2
Q

What does ISA stand for?

A

International Standard Atmosphere

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3
Q

What height is ISA temperature fixed after?

A

36,090 ft

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4
Q

What is the ISA fixed temperature after 36,090ft?

A

-56.5 C

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5
Q

What is the ISA sea level temperature?

A

+15C

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6
Q

What is the temperature lapse rate?

A

The rate at which temperature changes with height in the Atmosphere

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7
Q

What is the temperature lapse rate in Troposphere?

A

1.98C/100ft (until 36,090ft is reached)
(2C/1000ft for calculations)

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8
Q

How is the lower part of the troposphere heated?

A

Earths surface

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9
Q

What is the composition of the atmosphere?

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other gases

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10
Q

What makes up the 1% other gases in the atmosphere?

A

Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Ozone (O3)
Carbon Monoxide - emitted by volcanos

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11
Q

What does carbon dioxide do in the atmosphere?

A

Acts as a blanket (keeps earth warm)
By reflecting long wave radiation

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12
Q

Water vapour makes up what % of the atmospheres volume at lower levels?

A

4%

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13
Q

1/2 of water vapours mass is found below what measurement?

A

1.5km

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14
Q

How much water vapour is contained in the troposphere?

A

99%

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15
Q

The amount of water vapour in the air depends on what?

A

Temperature
Warm air can hold more vapour than cold air
Cold air has a lower carrying capacity

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16
Q

In the Tropopause what no longer decreases with height?

A

Temperature

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17
Q

The height of the tropopause depends on what?

A

Temperature of the earths surface

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18
Q

What is the height and temperature of the Tropopause?

A

36,090ft and -56.5C
Up to 60,000-65,000 in warmer countries

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19
Q

The warmer it is the … the tropopause
The colder it is the … the tropopause

A

Higher
Lower

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20
Q

Heights and Temperature of polar and equatorial tropopause

A

Polar 8 (winter)-10km(summer) (-40C/-50C) - lower due to angle relative to the sun
16-18km high (-70C/-90C)

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21
Q

Where is the jet stream?

A

Just below the tropopause

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22
Q

Whats the relationship between the Tropopause and Latitude?

A

Changes in height due to the relative tilt, changes of planet (relative to the sun)

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23
Q

Why is the stratosphere a good or bad place to fly?

A

Cloud formation is rare
Above hazards of troposphere (E.g CB)
Turbulence is still possible

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24
Q

What height is the temperature constant to in the stratosphere, until the Ozone layer starts?

A

Approximately 65,000ft

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25
Q

What does the Ozone layer do?

A

Absorb short wave radiation (UV)

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26
Q

What’s the relationship between Ozone and the stratosphere

A

Ozone layer is 90% within the stratosphere
Ozone is responsible for the temperature increase within the stratosphere

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27
Q

Ozone negatives

A

Extremely corrosive gas
Can impact cabin air quality at high altitudes, possible respiratory problems - smells like chlorine

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28
Q

InHg and mmHG meaning?

A

Inches/millimetres of Mercury

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29
Q

Relationship with altitude of pressure and density?

A

Pressure and density decrease with altitude
(pressure due to less air resistance)

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30
Q

ISA Temperature Calculation

A

ISA Temp = 15-2 x altitude (ft) / 1000

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31
Q

What is ISA deviation?

A

ISA temp compared to actual conditions
If its warmer than ISA conditions, deviation is (+)
If its colder than ISA conditions, deviation is (-)

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32
Q

What does hPA stand for?

A

Hectopascal

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33
Q

What is the ISA static pressure? (hPA)

A

1013.25
(1013 in calculations)

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34
Q

What is the pressure change rate?

A

1hPA/30ft
1hPA/9m near sea level

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35
Q

What does AMSL mean?

A

Above mean sea level

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36
Q

ISA density comparison from AMSL to 22,000ft and 40,000ft

A

22,000 is approx 50% compared to AMSL
40,000 is approx 25% compared to AMSL

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37
Q

Pressure is … of surface value at 18,000ft

A

50%

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38
Q

As temperature increases, density…

A

Decreases

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39
Q

As altitude increases, temperature

A

Decreases

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40
Q

What does ICAO stand for?

A

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)

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41
Q

TAF

A

Terminal Area Forecast
(RUMOUR)

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42
Q

METAR

A

Meteorological Aerodrome Report
(TRUTH)

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43
Q

What is an ASHTAM

A

Provides info on the status activity of a volcano when there’s been/(going to be) a change in its activity

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44
Q
A
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45
Q

What is WAFC?

A

World Area Forecast Centre
Located in London/Washington

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46
Q

What do WAFC do?

A

Issue significant weather charts every 6-9h
They report
~Upper winds/temp/humidity
Tropopause height/temp
~Areas of significant weather - (CB, icing, turbulence)

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47
Q

What are Meteorological Offices? and what do they do?

A

Located all over the world (UK office = Exeter)
Issue TAF every 3-6h, valid between 6 and 30 hours
Issue low level area forecast every 6h if required

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48
Q

What do Meteorological stations do?

A

TRUE REPORT
Aerodrome based
Issue METARS every 30-60mins
Issue SPECI as required - significant change in weather
Issue TREND/LANDING forecast - valid for 2 hours
Issue SNOWTAM - snow/slush/ice warning - valid up to 8h
Issue AERODROME WARNING (ADW) - warning of conditions affecting aircraft, vehicles and facilities - everyone

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49
Q

What is MWO and what do they do?

A

Meteorological Watch Offices
Issue weather warmings:
~SIGMET, upper level - 4/6h
~AIRMET, low level below FL100/150 - 4h
~ASHTAM, volcanic activity/ash clouds - 24h (6h if active

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50
Q

What does VAA and TCA stand for?

A

Volcanic Advisory
Tropical Cyclone Advisors

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51
Q

What is a SIGMET?

A

Warning of dangerous meteorological conditions - from MWO
Include
Thunderstorms
Tropical Cyclone
Severe Turbulence
Servere Icing
Severe mountain waves
Heaving sand/dust storm
Volcanic ash/radioactive cloud (VA & RDOACT)

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52
Q
A
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53
Q

SIGMET timeline

A

Air report > ATC > MWO > WAFC’s ( di sect SIGMET)

WAFC’s >MWO > ATC > Aircraft behind

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54
Q
A
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55
Q

OKTA’s Sky Coverage

A

8th Sky
SKC - Sky Clear
FEW - 1-2
SCT - 3-4
BKN - 5-7
OVC - 8

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

Airbourne weather radar controls…

A

On/Off/Stby
Gain (sensitivity)
Tilt (up/down)
Mode Switch (Wx,Ground,Turb)
Range 40-320nm

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58
Q

When must your Airborne weather radar be turned off?

A

At/near the terminal

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59
Q

What does the Airborne Weather Radar do when on stby?

A

Warms up - ready for use

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60
Q

Label the weather radar and state different colours

A
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61
Q

What doesnt the Weather radar pick up?

A

CAT
Clear Air Turbulence

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62
Q

Label the different weather systems on the radar

A
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63
Q

What is the blind alley affect?

A

Shadowing

Black areas don’t always mean no threat
~ Radar can be blocked from weather systems so cannot see as far as it normally can

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64
Q

Why do you have to change the gain on the Weather radar?

A

For the range, so you have to increase/decrease the sensitivity

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65
Q

What is a ground based weather radar?

A

Detects location/movement of water droplets

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66
Q

How does the ground based weather radar work?

A

Sends out pulses of microwave energy

Listens for returning signals from target (droplets)

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67
Q

What are the two main types of detectors?

A

Visible Imagery
Infared Imagery

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68
Q

Satellite Visible imagery

A

Reflects sunlight

Useful for seeing cloud patterns

Only during daylight hours

Better detecting low cloud/fog than IR

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69
Q

Satellite Infrared imagery

A

Day/Night

Colour - cloud temps

High/cold clouds = white

Low clouds = dark

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70
Q
A
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71
Q

What are the two types of Satellite Observations?

A

Orbit type
Detector type

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72
Q

What is a Geo-Stationary Satellite?

A

It focuses on one particular area

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73
Q

How far is the Geo-Stationary Satellite away from earth?

A

35786km

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74
Q

Geo-Stationary Satellite Positives

A

~Good overall picture
~Tracking a system
~Monitoring of the atmosphere

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75
Q

Geo-Stationary Satellite Negatives

A

~Poor Resolution
~Not good at seeing small changes

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76
Q

What is the Polar Orbiting Satellite?

A

Orbits from pole to pole (N>S)
~ Have to wait to obersve certain area once satellite comes bak round

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77
Q

How often does the Polar Orbiting Satellite orbit each day?

A

Twice a day

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78
Q

Polar Orbiting Satellite Positives

A

~Sees small picture
~Better resolution
~Good tracking of small features
~Flexible Orbit

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79
Q

Polar Orbiting Satellite Negatives

A

~Narrow Range
~Not Good at tracking a storm movement

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80
Q

How far is the Polar Orbiting Satellite away from earth?

A

850km

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81
Q

What is an Atmospheric Motion Vector?

A

Detects motion of wind
~ Shows jet streams

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82
Q

What is Temperature?

A

Avergage kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules

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83
Q

Celcius Equation

A
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84
Q

Kelvin Equation

A
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85
Q

Fahrenheit Equation

A
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86
Q

What piece of equipment do you use to measure temperature and how does it work?

A

Old Style Thermograph

Plots temperature change with time or height

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87
Q

How to measure surface air temperature?

A

Stevenson Screen
~ Situated 1.2m off the ground to avoid ground heat interference
~ Measures surface temp and humidity

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88
Q

How accurate is the Stevenson Screen?

A

95%

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89
Q

How to measure Upper Air Temperature?

A

Radiosonde

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90
Q

What three sets of data does a radiosonde record?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Humidity

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91
Q

How does a Radiosonde work?

A

Rises to 115,000ft

Records data every 1.3s during climb (every second but takes 0.3s to get data to ground)

Transmitted by VHF radio

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92
Q

What is an inversion?

A

Temperature increase with height

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93
Q

What is Radiation?

A

Transmission of energy

94
Q

What does short wave insolation do?

A

Penetrates through the atmosphere

95
Q

What does long wave terrestrial radiation do?

A

Radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere

96
Q

Relationship between oceans and radiation

A

Absorb/release radiation slowly (heat sink)

97
Q

Weather tends to be … over bodies of water

Weather tends to … over land

A

Calmer

Amplified - heat energy gives the weather more energy

98
Q

What is insolation?

A

The energy from the sun that reaches the earth in short waves.

99
Q

Earths axis of rotation

A

23.5 degrees

100
Q

What is the shortest night/longest day called?

A

Solstice on the 21st June

101
Q

What is the shortest day/longest night called?

A

Solstice on the 22nd December

102
Q

What does Aphelion mean and when is it?

A

Point furthest away from sun

4th July

103
Q

Aphelion distance

A

152 million km

104
Q

What does Perihelion mean and when is it?

A

Point closest to sun

4th January

105
Q

Perihelion distance

A

147 million km

106
Q

What does Equinox 23rd September mean?

A

Equal night (Autumn)

107
Q

What does Equinox 21st March mean?

108
Q

What does ITCZ stand for?

A

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

109
Q

Why is there bad storms in southern hemisphere summer?

A

More sea land

Ocean takes time to heat/cool so gradually emits LW radiation which gives weather systems more energy

110
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

Band of low pressure which generally lies near the equator

Location pf maximum heating on earth

111
Q

What does ISO mean

A

Equal Layer

112
Q

Solar radiation reaching the earths surface depends on… and why?

A

ARS

Absorption - Ozone layer and water vapour

Reflection - Tops of clouds & earth

Scattering - Particles in atmosphere

85% REACHES THE EARTHS SURAFCE

113
Q

Water requires … of energy to warm up but … the energy

Sand warms up … … bar cools down …

A

A lot

Very Quickly
Quickly

114
Q

What is Albedo?

A

Dimensionless number referring to reflectivity

Less Albedo = Less reflectivity

115
Q

Earths Albedo (average)

116
Q

Fresh snow Albedo

117
Q

Forest Albedo

118
Q

Crops Albedo

119
Q

Grass Albedo

120
Q

Asphalt Albedo

A

5-10%

Absorbs 95% of radiation

121
Q

Dark Roof Albedo

122
Q

Light Roof Albedo

123
Q

Large water surface Albedo

124
Q

Moon Albedo

125
Q

Conduction is…

A

Engery transfer by contact

126
Q

Convection is…

A

Energy transfer by vertical movement of air

127
Q

Advection Is…

A

Energy transfer by horizontal movement of air

128
Q

Release of latent heat is…

A

Energy transfer when condensation takes place

129
Q

Radiation is…

A

Energy transfer by absorption of long wave radiation

130
Q

Turbulence is…

A

Energy transfer by mixing of air caused by turbulence

131
Q

What is a Diurnal Variation and what effects it?

A

Variation of the surface temperature over a 24h period

 ~ Water (oceans)
 ~Wind
 ~Clouds
132
Q

How is the Diurnal Variation measured?

A

Amount of energy received from the sun vs amount of energy released from the earth

133
Q

What do clouds to do Diurnal Variation?

A

Reduces daily variation

Clouds reflect radiation and equalise temperatures

134
Q

Diurnal Variation - cloud (Graph)

135
Q

What does wind do to Diurnal Variation?

A

Decreases DV

As it decreases temperature

136
Q

Diurnal Variation - wind (Graph)

137
Q

What does density do to aircraft performance?

A

Reduces performance

Risk impact with terrain/obstacles due to loss of climb

Risk exceeding available runway distance

138
Q

What is Air Density?

A

Mass of the molecules in a given volume

139
Q

As temperature increases, density …

A

Decreases

Density is inversely proportional to temperature

140
Q

As pressure increases, density

A

Increases

Density is proportional to pressure

141
Q

When pressure increases (near surface), air is compressed, volume … and density …

A

Decreases

Increases

142
Q

Pressure … or … in temperature, performance improves

Pressure … or … in temperature, performance reduces

A

Increase
Decrease

Decrease
Increase

143
Q

Density of moist air is … than dry air

144
Q

What are isobars?

A

Lines of equal pressure

145
Q

What direction does airflow travel in Nth Hemisphere?

A

Anti Clockwise

146
Q

What direction does airflow travel in Sth Hemisphere?

147
Q

What is subsiding air?

A

Falling air

148
Q

What is converging air?

A

Air moving towards each other

149
Q

What is Convecting air?

A

Air moving upwards

150
Q

What is diverging air?

A

Air moving away from each other

151
Q

What happens when cold and warm air collide with one another?

A

Warm air passes over the cold air

Creates a low pressure system as air ay the surface is pulled upwards

152
Q

What is an Isobar?

A

Line of equal pressure

153
Q

What is a col?

A

Area in-between 2 highs and 2 lows

Light winds

Fog in winter/TS in summer

154
Q

What do isobars close together represent?

A

High winds

155
Q

What causes depressions?

A

High level divergance (Jetstreams)

Sea level pressure drops and forms depression

Good vis > pollutants sucked upwards

156
Q

High level convergence is also know as…

A

Anticyclone

157
Q

Cold fronts typically move …

Warm fronts typically move …

A

Downwards

Upwards

158
Q

What is a secondary depression?

A

From within the circulation of primary depression

Rotates within the main system

159
Q

Cold core low : common for a … front depression

Warm core low : more likely in … depressions

A

Polar

Tropical

160
Q

Label the Highs/Lows

A

A) Cold Core Low

B) Warm Core Low

C) Cold Core High

D) Warm Core High

161
Q

When can Thermal lows occur?

A

Occur when cold air over continents, moves over warmer seas in winter

162
Q

What is an Orographic Low/Depressions (Lee Low)

A

Substancial air blowing against mountain

Wind side = air compressed
Lee Low side = suction effect (convergence)

Can create heavy showers, CB’s, TCU’s, Wind Shear

This is only if parcel is warm, if not the air falls back down to the ground

163
Q

How are Anticyclone (High) formed?

A

High level of convergence

Leads to subsiding air

164
Q

Cold Anticyclones

A

Cold surface temperatures makes lower troposphere cold and dense

165
Q

Warm Anticyclones

A

Excess air in upper troposphere

Pressure lève;s bulge up at both upper/lower levels

166
Q

What is a blocking high?

A

Blocks further eastward movement of systems

Very intense weather fir a long period

167
Q

State of change cycle…

168
Q

What is a condensation Nuclei?

A

Essential for starting the binding process (vapour to liquid droplets) - allows condensation to begin as it binds onto the particle

E.g Dust, Salt

169
Q

What are the cooling processes when latent heat is absorbed?

A

Melting and evaporation

170
Q

What are the warming processes when latent heat is released?

A

Freezing and Condensation

171
Q

What is humidity and how is it measured?

A

Amount of water vapour in the air

Hygrometer

172
Q

Two types of humidity include…

A

Absolute Humidity

Relative Humidity (most common)

173
Q

What’s it called when water is holding the maximum amount of water vapour?

174
Q

Relationship between air temperature and water vapour

A

Warmer the air, thew more more content it can hold due to higher energy so can except more

175
Q

Do humidity levels vary?

A

Average humidity levels vary according to temperature/climate

176
Q

What is absolute Humidty

A

Total amount of water vapour present in a given volume, measured in g/m^2

177
Q

Absolute humidity

Air temp vs 100% saturation figures

A

0 C = 3.8g/Kg

10 C = 7.6g/Kg

20 C = 14.6g/Kg

30 C = 26.6g/Kg

178
Q

WVP stands for?

A

Water Vapour Pressure - pressure each water vapour molecule exerts

Similar to Absolute Humidity

179
Q

Saturation value is … over ice than over … Why?

A

Less
Liquid

Bonds are closer (tight), harder for molecules to leave ice than a liquid

180
Q

Relative Humidity Word equation/def

A

Mass of water vapour in a volume of air
_________________________________________

Maximum mass of water vapour the volume of air can hold

E.g 10g/M^3 / 20g/M^3 = 50%

181
Q

What is a dew Point?

A

Level at which droplets condense

182
Q

When does RH increase?

A

Decraese in temperature

Inverse relationship

183
Q

Diurnal Variation, RH graph

184
Q

RH calculation equation

A

RH% = 100 - (5 x (T-TD)

T = Ambient pressure
TD = Dew Point

185
Q

Initial Causes of vertical motion include…

A

Convection
Orographic lift
Convergence
Surface mixing
Frontal lift

186
Q

Convection lift picture

187
Q

Orographic lift picture

188
Q

Convergence lift picture

189
Q

Surface mixing picture

190
Q

Frontal lift picture

191
Q

Dependant on ELR, the environment can be be categorised as …

A

Stable

Neutral

Unstable

192
Q

What does a stable environment mean?

A

Parcel of air returns to original position

193
Q

What does a neutral environment mean?

A

No tendency to return to original position or move further away

194
Q

What does an unstable environment mean?

A

Parcel of air moves further away (from original position)

195
Q

What is the Enviromental Lapse Rate (ELR)?

A

Rate at which temperature changes with height

1.98C/1000ft or 2C/1000ft for calls

Ranges between 0.6C and 4C/1000ft in actual environment

196
Q

How is ELR measured?

A

Radiosonde

197
Q

Adiabatic Cooling is…

A

Parcel of air rises, enters a low pressure area

Parcel of air will expand > Results in loss of temperature

THINK BIKE PUMP

198
Q

Adiabatic Warming is…

A

Parcel of air sinks, enters a high pressure area

Parcel of air will compress, resulting in an increase in temperature

THINK BIKE PUMP

199
Q

What is DALR?

A

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

200
Q

DALR def and formula

A

Provided water coupe does not condensate when it rises, the parcel of air cools at 3C/1000ft

201
Q

What is SALR?

A

Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR)

202
Q

SALR def and formula

A

Air in which condensation has occurred and cools at a rate of 1.8C/1000ft

(CLOUD FORMATION)

203
Q

Difference between QNH and QFE

A

QNH = MSL pressure

QFE = Airfield pressure

204
Q

What is height?

A

Vertical distance of an a/c, level or point with respect to specified datum

Distance between alt/FL and aerodrome (elevation)

205
Q

Altitude is…

A

Vertical distance of an a/c with respect to MSL

206
Q

Elevation is…

A

Vertical distance above MSL

207
Q

True Alt is…

A

Actual vertical distance above MSL

208
Q

indicated Alt is…

A

Alt shown on a/c altimeter when its set to local pressure at aerodrome

209
Q

Pressure to alt relationship

A

30ft per 1hPA - up to 18,000ft

50ft per 1hPA - above 18,000ft

210
Q

What is pressure alt?

A

Height above standard datum plane, theoretical level where height go the atmosphere is 1013.25hPA

211
Q

SPS is…

A

Standard Pressure Setting (SPS)

212
Q

If you wind on pressure (on altimeter), you…

A

Wind on height

213
Q

If you wind off pressure (on altimeter), you…

A

Wind off height

214
Q

How are VFR/IFR flight levels determined?

A

By magnetic track

215
Q

Flight Levels, semi circular rule

216
Q

VFR

a/c tracks between what degrees…

A

000-179 degrees, FL ODD number (thousand) +500ft

180-359 degrees, FL EVEN number (thousand) +500ft

217
Q

IFR

a/c tracks between

A

000-179 degrees, FL ODD number (thousand)

180-359 degrees, FL EVEN number (thousand)

218
Q

Transition ALt is…

A

Specified alt where you can change from QNH to standard when climbing

219
Q

When do you change QNH/FL

A

On climb

Above transition alt - a/c reference to standard pressure (1013hPA) - FL

Below trans alt - a/c reference to altitude (QNH), not FL

220
Q

Transition level is…

A

Changes with pressure

Its the first available flight level after trans alt

221
Q

Transition layer is…

A

Inbetween transition alt and transition level

222
Q

What is there transition layers minimum alt?

223
Q

Example of Trans alt, FL and Trans Lvl

224
Q

Why do you have to go tot her next FL if the trans layer is less layer 1000ft?

A

Unsafe, minimum alt for the layer is 1000ft, otherwise you may fly into other a/c

225
Q

What does TEC stand for?

A

Temperature Error Correction (TEC)

226
Q

TEC equation

A

TEC = (Height/1000) x 4 (degrees celsius) x ISA dev

227
Q

Where is TEC considered for?

A

Layer between the ground (station) and the a/c position

228
Q

TEC rules (warmer/colder ISA)

229
Q

Working out Indicated Alt to True Alt

230
Q

Working out True Alt to Indicated Alt

A

True height

ISA dev

TEC calc

Determination of indicated alt

Determination of FL via pressure alt

231
Q

How to remember flying from low and high temps

A

High to low
~look out below (decrease in alt)
Low to high
~high in the sky

Groundschool : Module 1 (38 decks)

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