Human Performance Flashcards
What is competency based on?
Knowledge
Skills
Attitude
KSA’s job (def)
Ability and characteristics that enable a job holder to accomplish actives to correct standard
Organisation that collects and analyses data concerning safety is…
A learning, informed, reporting, flexible and just culture
What does TEM stand for?
Threat and Error Management (TEM)
What does UAS stand for?
Undesired Aircraft State (UAS) (Accident)
~ e.g Turb on approach - harsh/unsafe landing
TEM Model
Threats > Errors > UAS > Unsafe Outcomes
What is a Threat?
External events that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew
Examples of anticipated, unexpected and latent threat…
Anticipated - Thunderstorms
Malfunction - (Captain Death)
Latent - Rostering
Latent Threat and examples
Not immediately obvious/observable by flight crews
~ Equipment design
~ Understaffing
~ Short turn around schedule
Enviromental Threat and examples
Occur during actual operations
Can be planned for
~ Weather
~ Airport conditions
~ ATC
Organisational Threat and examples
Can be controlled at source by organisations
~ Operational pressure
~ Maintenance
~ Home life ( worrying)
What is an Error?
Action/Inaction by the crew that leads to deviations from intended outcome
Procedural Error and example
Caused by interaction between Pilot and a Procedure
~ Violation of checklist or SOP
Communication Error and example
Caused by interaction between Pilot and other people
~ Ground Crew
~ Cabin Crew
~ ATC (Japan Airlines)
Aircraft Handling Error and example
Caused by interactions between pilot(s) and aircraft
~ FO - pulling up, Cap - decending»_space; Stall
UAS
Undesired Aircraft State
Crew induced position or speed deviation, flight control error > reduces safety margins
Countermeasures
ACAS - Airborne Collision Avoidance System
GPWS - Ground Proximity Warning Systems
CRM - Crew Resource Management
What does CRM stand for?
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
What are the 3 lines of defence for CRM
Aviod
Trap
Mitigate
Individual/team countermeasures include…
Planning countermeasures - avoid anti/unexpected threats
Execution countermeasures - error detection > error response
Review countermeasures - managing the changing conditions of a flight
What is the SHELL Model?
Helps clarify the location of human error
SHELL model components
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
Liveware
SHELL (Software)
Procedures, Checklist, Manuals
SHELL (Hardware)
Alarms, Warnings, Cockpit layout
SHELL (Environment)
Aircraft/airspace that flight crew operate
SHELL (Liveware)
Interface between people E.g Flight Screw > Ops
SHELL (Liveware)
Flight Crew
What is an open culture?
Willing to release info on threats/UAS/accidents so others can benefit from it
What is a closed culture?
Reluctant to release info on threats/UAS/accidents preventing others learning from the info
SWISS CHEESE MODEL
Demonstrates how, generally, a failure cannot be traced back to a single root cause
What do the holes In the SWISS CHEESE MODEL represent?
Weaknesses in individual parts of the system
Weaknesses allow hazard to follow through until accident happens
Accident can be interrupted if/when defences are activated
Just Culture
Neither a no blame culture nor non punitive culture
E.g
Father = loves son ——-> still tell them off because they are in the wrong - teaching a lesson
What are the two sides to the Nervous System?
CNS - Master control unit
Peripheral Nervous System body link to outside world
What are the two parts to the CNS?
Spinal cord
Brain
What are the two parts to the PNS?
Autonomic NS - involuntary processes - HR,digestion
Somatic NC- sends sensory info to CNS - muscle commands
What are the two parts to the Autonomic NS?
Sympathetic NS - adrenaline
parasympathetic NS - recovers bodily processes - post adrenaline
What is a sensory threshold?
Weakest stimulus a sensory organ can sense
Sensory Adaptation
Decreased sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
E.g watch on opposite wrist
Sensory Habituation takes place where?
CNS
Stroke volume
70ml
Normal adult blood pressure
120mmHg (systolic)
80mmHG (diastolic)
Hypotension
low bp, lower than 90/60mmHg
There is more … on exhalation than …
co2
o2
What do veins/arties do?
V Carry deoxygenated blood from the organs/tissues
A carry oxygenated blood from there heart to organs/tissues
Conary heart disease risk fsctors
High cholesterol
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Hypertension
What is Anemia?
lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells or both
Adaptation
Habituation
Decrease in physiological response as the result of repeated exposure to a stimulus
Signals trigger progressively smaller smaller responses in the Brian
What is the tidal volume?
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath
What is the Inspirartory Reserve Volume
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort
Atmosphere composition percentages
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other Gases 1%
Hypoxic Hypoxia definiton
Low arterial PO2
Causes of Hypoxic Hypoxia?
High altitude - decreased lung diffusion
Anemic Hypoxia definiton
Decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin
Causes of Anemic Hypoxia?
Blood loss - Low BP > Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Tidal Volume measurement
500ml
Inspiratory Reserve Volume measurement
3000ml
Expiratory Reserve Volume
1100ml
Residual Volume
1200ml
What is hyperventilation?
rapid or deep breathing, over release of CO2
What is the normal breathing rate?
12 to 20bpm, averaging 16bpm
In normal operations, what is the max altitude the cabin will be at?
8000ft
What are Rods in the eye?
Detect black and white
Used for night vision
Light to Dark - 30mins
What are cones in the eye?
Detect colour
Light to Dark - 7 minutes
Altitude of reaction threshold?
5000ft
Presbyopia (visual defects) is caused by?
Long sightedness caused my age
Three parts of the ear include…
Outer, middle and inner layers
What are the layers made up/consist of?
Air,Air,Liquid
How does the tympanic membrane (ear drum) retain structural integrity?
Air from both sides of the allows it to not tear
(think of kitchen foil example > someone both sides won’t allow it to tear)
NIHL stands for?
Noise Induced Hearing loss
How do you get NIHL?
overexposure to noise > 90dB
What is Presbycusis?
Loss of frequency due to age
What is the Cochlea?
The hearing part of the inner ear
What are the semicircular canals and otoliths used for?
Part of the balance system
What is the main sense of balance?
Vision
DCS stands for…
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
What is decompression sickness?
Condition caused by gas liberation in the form of bubbles from tissues to blood when exposed to low pressure (flight altitude)
What are the 4 common DCS effects?
Cutaneous (Skin) - Creeps
Arthopathy (Joint) - Bends
Cardiopulmonary (Heart/Lungs) - Chokes
Negurologic (Brain/Spinal Cord) - Staggers
DCS - Bends (Joint disorders)
Stinging Pain
Found in larger joints
Leads to limited mobility
Most common effects in airliners
DCS - Creeps (Skin Bends)
Tingling, Prickling, Itching skin
More common in SCUBA diving than aviation
DCS - Chockes (cardiovascular)
Occurs when gas bubbles are trapped inside alveolar capillaries
Feeling of narrowness in chest
Burning deep chest pain
Dry cough
Relatively rare with decompression
DCS - Staggers (Neurological Disorders)
Double vision, impaired vision
Impared tactile sensibility
Muscles weakness
These symptoms have not occurred in commercial aircraft yet
DCS actions after cabin pressure loss
Put on oxygen mask
decend
Land
No flying for 24h
DCS treatment
100% oxygen
Keep patient warm
Hyperbaric treatment if necessary
Do not rub affected parts
IRD stands for…
Inflight Rapid Decompression (IRD)
DCS Prevention
Avoid unnecessary physical activity before flight
Should you fly after scuba diving/using compressed airb
Do not fly within 12h of swimming whir compressed air
AVOID flying for 24h if a depth of 30 FEET has been exceeded
What is Linear Acceleration?
Change in speed but not change in direction
What is Radial Acceleration (Centripetal)?
A change in direction without change in speed
What is Angular Acceleration?
A change in both speed and direction
e.g a tight spin
What is G force?
Force exerted on the long (or vertical, Gz) axis of the body but can also effect the horizontal (or lateral, Gy) and the transverse axis (Gx)
Positive Acceleration - Gz+
Positive Acceleration - Gz+
Blood location
Gz+ Stages
> 1G - blood accumulates in the lower body (upper/lower = different bp)
2-5G - Body weight increase, Internal organs/facial features displaced ownwards
8-9G - Loss of sensory functions
Negative Acceleration - Gz-
Negative Acceleration - Gz-
Blood location
What is Carbon Monoxide?
A product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide Characteristics
Colourless, oderless and tasteless gas
Poisonous to blood
Causes Oxygen insufficiency
Binds 200/250 times faster to Haemoglobin
Effects are cumulative
Actions if Carbon Monoxide is present
1.Stop all smoking
2.Turn off cabin heat
3.Use oxygen if available
4.Land ASAP
5.Consult AME
How long does the body need to recover from CO poisoning?
Several Days
What is Barotrauma?
Rapid/extreme changes in air pressure, especially affecting enclosed cavities within the body
What are the four main types of Barotrauma?
Otic
Sinus
Gastrointestinal
Aerodontalgia
Otic Barotrauma is…
Most common type of Barotrauma
Most likely during decent, diving included
Sinus Barotrauma is…
can be felt during climb and descend around the eyes
Causes
~Watering eyes
~Nose Bleeds
~Fainting
Gastrointestinal Barotrauma is…
Due to increase in altitude and constant decrease in pressure
Entrapped gases in the gastrointestinal tract will expand dramatically is exposed to sudden decompression
Aerodontalgia Barotrauma is…
Gas expansion in latitude presses the dental nerve
Causes pain
Barotrauma countermeasures include
Don’t fly if you have cold/flu symptoms
Don’t fly if you have a ear, nose or throat infection
Avoid gas generating food/drinks
Eat slowly… Don’t swallow air while eating
What is humidity?
The amount of water vapour suspended in the air
Decrease in humidity symptoms
Dry mucous in nose/upper respiratory tract
Dry lips, skin and eyes
Itchy or irritated eyes
Stuffy nose, dry coughing and laboured breathing
Toxic Materials (def and e.g’s)
Materials which can release toxins or irritant fumes when burned
e.g
Composite materials
Electrial Insulation
Seat materials
Baggage
Ozone symptoms
Eye burning
Bry mucous membranes
Pressure behind sternum
Respiratory tract irritation, coughing and laboured breathing
Headache
What do Catalytic converters do?
Convert O3 to O2
Converters are in the air conditioning system
What are the two types of Cosmic Radiation?
Galactic and Solar
What is Solar Radiation?
Solar particles may penetrate the atmosphere
Aircraft occupants be be exposed to higher cosmic radiation
What is Galactic Radiation?
More intense in Polar regions
A/C operated above 49,000ft must posses a radiation indicator
What is fatigue?
Physical and/or mental weariness which extends beyond normal tiredness
Causes of fatigue include…
Lack of sleep
Lack of physical or mental fitness
Excessive physical/mental stress/anxiety
Desychchronisation of body cycles (jet lag)
fatigue is insidious
Short term Fatigue is also called?
Acute Fatigue
Actute Fatigue is…
Lack of sleep
Hard physical/mental exertion
e.g long shits > jet lag
Long term is also called…
Chronic Fatigue
Chronic Fatigue is…
Lack of physical/mental fitness
stress/anxiety
Physiological stress (Acute stress)
Temporary changes
~ sweats
~pink skin
~hyperventilation
~High HR
Health (Chronic Stress)
Diarrhoea
Asthma
Headaches
Sleep Disorders
Gastrointestinal upset preventions include…
Eat in a clean environment
Drink sealed bottles of water
Avoid homemade ice cubes
Allow around 90mins between eating and flying
What is Obesity?
An abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more
What is the BMI equation?
BMI = Weight (Kg) / (Height)^2
BMI numbers
Up to 20 = Underweight
20 - 25 = Normal
Over 25 - 30 inclusive = Overweight
Over 30 = OBESE
Obesity harmful effects include
Coronary problems
Increased diabetes risk
Reduced ability to withstand Gz
General Circulatory problems
Reduced ability to cope with Hypoxia/DCS
What is Diabetes type 2?
Causes a persons blood sugar levels to rise
Non insolent dependent
Preventable/Controllable
DM 2 risk factors include…
Age
Genetics
Weight
Ethnicity
Back pain preventions
Good sitting posture
Good lumbar support
Good physical condition - exercise
Physiotherapy
What is Gastroenteritis?
Infection and inflammation of the digestive system
(Food Poisoning)
Insidious
What is Hypoglycaemia?
Blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than normal
What can Hypoglycaemia cause?
Giddiness
Fainting
Trembling
Weakness
What is the biggest killer in tropical climates?
Malaria
What is Malaria?
Insect borne disease
Transmitted to humans by a parasite by a type of mosquito
What is Yellow fever?
Caused by a virus, not as lethal as Malaria but can kill a patient if not treated in time
Other tropical climate diseases?
Cholera
Hepatitis
Typhoid fever
Intestinal parasites
Rabies
Tetanus
STD’s
Tropical climate disease precautions include…
Valid Vaccinations
Protect skin
Wear repellent
Don’t swim in fresh water
What is Tuberculosis?
Bacterial infection transmitted through coughs, sneezing and spitting etc
Can kill within 5 years if untreated
What does not contain Caffeine?
pepperment infused
Is alcohol digested or metabolised
Metabolised
1 unit of alcohol =
15mg/100ml 0.2gs/Ltr of blood
Metabolise rate
+/- 1 unit / hour
What is Spacial Orientation?
The network of self-to-object distances and directions in a given situation
What are mental models?
A way to understand the world, to simplify complexity
memory plays a key factor
Mental Model Advantages
Help in choosing where to direct attention
~Decions are made instead of instinctive reactions
Mental Model Disadvantages
Incorrect model leads to wrong decision making
What is perception?
The means by which information is squared from the environment
What is sensation?
The immediate, unprocessed stimulation of sensory receptors
What is Gestalt?
“An organised whole”
What is distance constancy?
Relationship between apparent distance and actual physical distance
What is colour constancy?
Perceive a family object to have same colour when under different conditions of illumination
What is size constancy?
perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether its close or far away
