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Groundschool : Module 1 > Human Performance > Flashcards

Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is competency based on?

A

Knowledge
Skills
Attitude

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2
Q

KSA’s job (def)

A

Ability and characteristics that enable a job holder to accomplish actives to correct standard

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3
Q

Organisation that collects and analyses data concerning safety is…

A

A learning, informed, reporting, flexible and just culture

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4
Q

What does TEM stand for?

A

Threat and Error Management (TEM)

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5
Q

What does UAS stand for?

A

Undesired Aircraft State (UAS) (Accident)
~ e.g Turb on approach - harsh/unsafe landing

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6
Q

TEM Model

A

Threats > Errors > UAS > Unsafe Outcomes

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7
Q

What is a Threat?

A

External events that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew

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8
Q

Examples of anticipated, unexpected and latent threat…

A

Anticipated - Thunderstorms
Malfunction - (Captain Death)
Latent - Rostering

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9
Q

Latent Threat and examples

A

Not immediately obvious/observable by flight crews
~ Equipment design
~ Understaffing
~ Short turn around schedule

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10
Q

Enviromental Threat and examples

A

Occur during actual operations
Can be planned for
~ Weather
~ Airport conditions
~ ATC

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11
Q

Organisational Threat and examples

A

Can be controlled at source by organisations
~ Operational pressure
~ Maintenance
~ Home life ( worrying)

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12
Q

What is an Error?

A

Action/Inaction by the crew that leads to deviations from intended outcome

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13
Q

Procedural Error and example

A

Caused by interaction between Pilot and a Procedure
~ Violation of checklist or SOP

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14
Q

Communication Error and example

A

Caused by interaction between Pilot and other people
~ Ground Crew
~ Cabin Crew
~ ATC (Japan Airlines)

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15
Q

Aircraft Handling Error and example

A

Caused by interactions between pilot(s) and aircraft
~ FO - pulling up, Cap - decending&raquo_space; Stall

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16
Q

UAS

A

Undesired Aircraft State
Crew induced position or speed deviation, flight control error > reduces safety margins

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17
Q

Countermeasures

A

ACAS - Airborne Collision Avoidance System
GPWS - Ground Proximity Warning Systems
CRM - Crew Resource Management

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18
Q

What does CRM stand for?

A

Crew Resource Management (CRM)

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19
Q

What are the 3 lines of defence for CRM

A

Aviod
Trap
Mitigate

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20
Q

Individual/team countermeasures include…

A

Planning countermeasures - avoid anti/unexpected threats
Execution countermeasures - error detection > error response
Review countermeasures - managing the changing conditions of a flight

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21
Q

What is the SHELL Model?

A

Helps clarify the location of human error

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22
Q

SHELL model components

A

Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
Liveware

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23
Q

SHELL (Software)

A

Procedures, Checklist, Manuals

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24
Q

SHELL (Hardware)

A

Alarms, Warnings, Cockpit layout

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25
Q

SHELL (Environment)

A

Aircraft/airspace that flight crew operate

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26
Q

SHELL (Liveware)

A

Interface between people E.g Flight Screw > Ops

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27
Q

SHELL (Liveware)

A

Flight Crew

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28
Q

What is an open culture?

A

Willing to release info on threats/UAS/accidents so others can benefit from it

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29
Q

What is a closed culture?

A

Reluctant to release info on threats/UAS/accidents preventing others learning from the info

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30
Q

SWISS CHEESE MODEL

A

Demonstrates how, generally, a failure cannot be traced back to a single root cause

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31
Q

What do the holes In the SWISS CHEESE MODEL represent?

A

Weaknesses in individual parts of the system

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32
Q

Weaknesses allow hazard to follow through until accident happens

A

Accident can be interrupted if/when defences are activated

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33
Q

Just Culture

A

Neither a no blame culture nor non punitive culture

E.g

Father = loves son ——-> still tell them off because they are in the wrong - teaching a lesson

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34
Q

What are the two sides to the Nervous System?

A

CNS - Master control unit
Peripheral Nervous System body link to outside world

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35
Q

What are the two parts to the CNS?

A

Spinal cord
Brain

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36
Q

What are the two parts to the PNS?

A

Autonomic NS - involuntary processes - HR,digestion
Somatic NC- sends sensory info to CNS - muscle commands

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37
Q

What are the two parts to the Autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic NS - adrenaline
parasympathetic NS - recovers bodily processes - post adrenaline

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38
Q

What is a sensory threshold?

A

Weakest stimulus a sensory organ can sense

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39
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

E.g watch on opposite wrist

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40
Q

Sensory Habituation takes place where?

A

CNS

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41
Q

Stroke volume

A

70ml

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42
Q

Normal adult blood pressure

A

120mmHg (systolic)
80mmHG (diastolic)

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43
Q

Hypotension

A

low bp, lower than 90/60mmHg

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44
Q

There is more … on exhalation than …

A

co2
o2

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45
Q

What do veins/arties do?

A

V Carry deoxygenated blood from the organs/tissues

A carry oxygenated blood from there heart to organs/tissues

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46
Q

Conary heart disease risk fsctors

A

High cholesterol
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Hypertension

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47
Q

What is Anemia?

A

lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells or both

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48
Q

Adaptation

Habituation

A

Decrease in physiological response as the result of repeated exposure to a stimulus

Signals trigger progressively smaller smaller responses in the Brian

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49
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath

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50
Q

What is the Inspirartory Reserve Volume

A

The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort

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51
Q

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort

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52
Q

Atmosphere composition percentages

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other Gases 1%

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53
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia definiton

A

Low arterial PO2

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54
Q

Causes of Hypoxic Hypoxia?

A

High altitude - decreased lung diffusion

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55
Q

Anemic Hypoxia definiton

A

Decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

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56
Q

Causes of Anemic Hypoxia?

A

Blood loss - Low BP > Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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57
Q

Tidal Volume measurement

A

500ml

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58
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume measurement

A

3000ml

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59
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

1100ml

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60
Q

Residual Volume

A

1200ml

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61
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

rapid or deep breathing, over release of CO2

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62
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?

A

12 to 20bpm, averaging 16bpm

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63
Q

In normal operations, what is the max altitude the cabin will be at?

A

8000ft

64
Q

What are Rods in the eye?

A

Detect black and white
Used for night vision
Light to Dark - 30mins

65
Q

What are cones in the eye?

A

Detect colour
Light to Dark - 7 minutes

66
Q

Altitude of reaction threshold?

A

5000ft

67
Q

Presbyopia (visual defects) is caused by?

A

Long sightedness caused my age

68
Q

Three parts of the ear include…

A

Outer, middle and inner layers

69
Q

What are the layers made up/consist of?

A

Air,Air,Liquid

70
Q

How does the tympanic membrane (ear drum) retain structural integrity?

A

Air from both sides of the allows it to not tear
(think of kitchen foil example > someone both sides won’t allow it to tear)

71
Q

NIHL stands for?

A

Noise Induced Hearing loss

72
Q

How do you get NIHL?

A

overexposure to noise > 90dB

73
Q

What is Presbycusis?

A

Loss of frequency due to age

74
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

The hearing part of the inner ear

75
Q

What are the semicircular canals and otoliths used for?

A

Part of the balance system

76
Q

What is the main sense of balance?

A

Vision

77
Q

DCS stands for…

A

Decompression Sickness (DCS)

78
Q

What is decompression sickness?

A

Condition caused by gas liberation in the form of bubbles from tissues to blood when exposed to low pressure (flight altitude)

79
Q

What are the 4 common DCS effects?

A

Cutaneous (Skin) - Creeps

Arthopathy (Joint) - Bends

Cardiopulmonary (Heart/Lungs) - Chokes

Negurologic (Brain/Spinal Cord) - Staggers

80
Q

DCS - Bends (Joint disorders)

A

Stinging Pain

Found in larger joints

Leads to limited mobility

Most common effects in airliners

81
Q

DCS - Creeps (Skin Bends)

A

Tingling, Prickling, Itching skin

More common in SCUBA diving than aviation

82
Q

DCS - Chockes (cardiovascular)

A

Occurs when gas bubbles are trapped inside alveolar capillaries

Feeling of narrowness in chest

Burning deep chest pain

Dry cough

Relatively rare with decompression

83
Q

DCS - Staggers (Neurological Disorders)

A

Double vision, impaired vision

Impared tactile sensibility

Muscles weakness

These symptoms have not occurred in commercial aircraft yet

84
Q

DCS actions after cabin pressure loss

A

Put on oxygen mask

decend

Land

No flying for 24h

85
Q

DCS treatment

A

100% oxygen

Keep patient warm

Hyperbaric treatment if necessary

Do not rub affected parts

86
Q

IRD stands for…

A

Inflight Rapid Decompression (IRD)

87
Q

DCS Prevention

A

Avoid unnecessary physical activity before flight

88
Q

Should you fly after scuba diving/using compressed airb

A

Do not fly within 12h of swimming whir compressed air

AVOID flying for 24h if a depth of 30 FEET has been exceeded

89
Q

What is Linear Acceleration?

A

Change in speed but not change in direction

90
Q

What is Radial Acceleration (Centripetal)?

A

A change in direction without change in speed

91
Q

What is Angular Acceleration?

A

A change in both speed and direction

e.g a tight spin

92
Q

What is G force?

A

Force exerted on the long (or vertical, Gz) axis of the body but can also effect the horizontal (or lateral, Gy) and the transverse axis (Gx)

93
Q

Positive Acceleration - Gz+

A
94
Q

Positive Acceleration - Gz+

Blood location

A
95
Q

Gz+ Stages

A

> 1G - blood accumulates in the lower body (upper/lower = different bp)

2-5G - Body weight increase, Internal organs/facial features displaced ownwards

8-9G - Loss of sensory functions

96
Q

Negative Acceleration - Gz-

A
97
Q

Negative Acceleration - Gz-

Blood location

A
98
Q

What is Carbon Monoxide?

A

A product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

99
Q

Carbon Monoxide Characteristics

A

Colourless, oderless and tasteless gas

Poisonous to blood

Causes Oxygen insufficiency

Binds 200/250 times faster to Haemoglobin

Effects are cumulative

100
Q

Actions if Carbon Monoxide is present

A

1.Stop all smoking

2.Turn off cabin heat

3.Use oxygen if available

4.Land ASAP

5.Consult AME

101
Q

How long does the body need to recover from CO poisoning?

A

Several Days

102
Q

What is Barotrauma?

A

Rapid/extreme changes in air pressure, especially affecting enclosed cavities within the body

103
Q

What are the four main types of Barotrauma?

A

Otic

Sinus

Gastrointestinal

Aerodontalgia

104
Q

Otic Barotrauma is…

A

Most common type of Barotrauma

Most likely during decent, diving included

105
Q

Sinus Barotrauma is…

A

can be felt during climb and descend around the eyes

Causes
~Watering eyes
~Nose Bleeds
~Fainting

106
Q

Gastrointestinal Barotrauma is…

A

Due to increase in altitude and constant decrease in pressure

Entrapped gases in the gastrointestinal tract will expand dramatically is exposed to sudden decompression

107
Q

Aerodontalgia Barotrauma is…

A

Gas expansion in latitude presses the dental nerve

Causes pain

108
Q

Barotrauma countermeasures include

A

Don’t fly if you have cold/flu symptoms

Don’t fly if you have a ear, nose or throat infection

Avoid gas generating food/drinks

Eat slowly… Don’t swallow air while eating

109
Q

What is humidity?

A

The amount of water vapour suspended in the air

110
Q

Decrease in humidity symptoms

A

Dry mucous in nose/upper respiratory tract

Dry lips, skin and eyes

Itchy or irritated eyes

Stuffy nose, dry coughing and laboured breathing

111
Q

Toxic Materials (def and e.g’s)

A

Materials which can release toxins or irritant fumes when burned

e.g

Composite materials

Electrial Insulation

Seat materials

Baggage

112
Q

Ozone symptoms

A

Eye burning

Bry mucous membranes

Pressure behind sternum

Respiratory tract irritation, coughing and laboured breathing

Headache

113
Q

What do Catalytic converters do?

A

Convert O3 to O2

Converters are in the air conditioning system

114
Q

What are the two types of Cosmic Radiation?

A

Galactic and Solar

115
Q

What is Solar Radiation?

A

Solar particles may penetrate the atmosphere

Aircraft occupants be be exposed to higher cosmic radiation

116
Q

What is Galactic Radiation?

A

More intense in Polar regions

A/C operated above 49,000ft must posses a radiation indicator

117
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Physical and/or mental weariness which extends beyond normal tiredness

118
Q

Causes of fatigue include…

A

Lack of sleep

Lack of physical or mental fitness

Excessive physical/mental stress/anxiety

Desychchronisation of body cycles (jet lag)

fatigue is insidious

119
Q

Short term Fatigue is also called?

A

Acute Fatigue

120
Q

Actute Fatigue is…

A

Lack of sleep

Hard physical/mental exertion

e.g long shits > jet lag

121
Q

Long term is also called…

A

Chronic Fatigue

122
Q

Chronic Fatigue is…

A

Lack of physical/mental fitness

stress/anxiety

123
Q

Physiological stress (Acute stress)

A

Temporary changes
~ sweats
~pink skin
~hyperventilation
~High HR

124
Q

Health (Chronic Stress)

A

Diarrhoea

Asthma

Headaches

Sleep Disorders

125
Q

Gastrointestinal upset preventions include…

A

Eat in a clean environment

Drink sealed bottles of water

Avoid homemade ice cubes

Allow around 90mins between eating and flying

126
Q

What is Obesity?

A

An abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more

127
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

BMI = Weight (Kg) / (Height)^2

128
Q

BMI numbers

A

Up to 20 = Underweight

20 - 25 = Normal

Over 25 - 30 inclusive = Overweight

Over 30 = OBESE

129
Q

Obesity harmful effects include

A

Coronary problems

Increased diabetes risk

Reduced ability to withstand Gz

General Circulatory problems

Reduced ability to cope with Hypoxia/DCS

130
Q

What is Diabetes type 2?

A

Causes a persons blood sugar levels to rise

Non insolent dependent
Preventable/Controllable

131
Q

DM 2 risk factors include…

A

Age

Genetics

Weight

Ethnicity

132
Q

Back pain preventions

A

Good sitting posture

Good lumbar support

Good physical condition - exercise

Physiotherapy

133
Q

What is Gastroenteritis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the digestive system

(Food Poisoning)

Insidious

134
Q

What is Hypoglycaemia?

A

Blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than normal

135
Q

What can Hypoglycaemia cause?

A

Giddiness

Fainting

Trembling

Weakness

136
Q

What is the biggest killer in tropical climates?

A

Malaria

137
Q

What is Malaria?

A

Insect borne disease

Transmitted to humans by a parasite by a type of mosquito

138
Q

What is Yellow fever?

A

Caused by a virus, not as lethal as Malaria but can kill a patient if not treated in time

139
Q

Other tropical climate diseases?

A

Cholera

Hepatitis

Typhoid fever

Intestinal parasites

Rabies

Tetanus

STD’s

140
Q

Tropical climate disease precautions include…

A

Valid Vaccinations

Protect skin

Wear repellent

Don’t swim in fresh water

141
Q

What is Tuberculosis?

A

Bacterial infection transmitted through coughs, sneezing and spitting etc

Can kill within 5 years if untreated

142
Q

What does not contain Caffeine?

A

pepperment infused

143
Q

Is alcohol digested or metabolised

A

Metabolised

144
Q

1 unit of alcohol =

A

15mg/100ml 0.2gs/Ltr of blood

145
Q

Metabolise rate

A

+/- 1 unit / hour

146
Q

What is Spacial Orientation?

A

The network of self-to-object distances and directions in a given situation

147
Q

What are mental models?

A

A way to understand the world, to simplify complexity

memory plays a key factor

148
Q

Mental Model Advantages

A

Help in choosing where to direct attention
~Decions are made instead of instinctive reactions

149
Q

Mental Model Disadvantages

A

Incorrect model leads to wrong decision making

150
Q

What is perception?

A

The means by which information is squared from the environment

151
Q

What is sensation?

A

The immediate, unprocessed stimulation of sensory receptors

152
Q

What is Gestalt?

A

“An organised whole”

153
Q

What is distance constancy?

A

Relationship between apparent distance and actual physical distance

154
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

Perceive a family object to have same colour when under different conditions of illumination

155
Q

What is size constancy?

A

perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether its close or far away

Groundschool : Module 1 (38 decks)

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