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BMS109 Cell & Molecular > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

To understand the principles behind glycolysis & kreb's, their yields and where they occur

1
Q

How is ATP generated

A

Oxidation of glucose, Oxidation of fatty acids, Oxidation of amino acids

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2
Q

Name two main electron carriers

A

NADH and FADH

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3
Q

Name two common intermediates

A

pyruvate and Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

Describe oxidation

A

gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen and loss of electrons

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5
Q

Describe reduction

A

Loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen and gain of electrons

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm/cytosol

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7
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis

A

Preparation and payoff

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8
Q

What is the NET production from glycolysis?

A

2ATP and 2NADH

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9
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Both

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10
Q

What is the effect of arsenic on glycolysis?

A

Causes reaction 6 to be skipped

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11
Q

Why does arsenic cause reaction 6 of glycolysis to be skipped?

A

Arsenic has a similar structure to phosphate, produces an unstable product

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12
Q

What happens to the NET production of glycolysis if reaction 6 is skipped?

A

NO NET ATP

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13
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

A

converted into lactate the exported out of cells

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14
Q

What is the function of kinases?

A

Add phosphate

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15
Q

Which steps are regulated in glycolysis?

A

Step 1, 3 and 9

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16
Q

Which enzymes regulate steps 1, 3 and 9 of glycolysis

A

1 - hexokinase
3 - phosphofructokinase 1
9 - Pyruvate kinase

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17
Q

What inhibits and promotes phosphofructokinase 1?

A

Inhibited by ATP, promoted by AMP

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18
Q

What molecule causes hexokinase to be bypassed in glycolysis?

A

glycogen

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE the PDH complex reversible

A

FALSE

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20
Q

What inhibits the PDH complex?

A

Products - Acetyl CoA and NADH
Nucleotides - GTP, AMP
Phosphorylation - inactivates
Pyruvate

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21
Q

Describe the kreb’s cycle

A

Bridge between glycolysis through to oxidative phosphorylation,

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22
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

What are the two phases of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Regeneration and oxidation

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24
Q

What type of respiration is the Kreb’s cycle essential for?

A

Aerobic

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25
Q

How many times does the Krebs cycle operate per molecule of glucose?

A

twice

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26
Q

What happens in the oxidation phase?

A

NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced into NADH and CO2 and FADH2

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27
Q

What steps of oxidative phosphorylation are controlled?

A

Acetyl CoA -> Citrate
Isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate
a-ketoglutarate -> Succinyl CoA

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28
Q

What are the suppliers of the Krebs cycle?

A

Fats, Polysaccharides and proteins

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29
Q

What is the production of the Krebs cycle per ONE glucose molecule?

A

4CO2, 2ATP, 2FADH2, and 6NADH

30
Q

What is the production per a SINGLE cycle of the krebs cycle

A

2CO2, 1ATP, 1FADH2 and 3NADH

31
Q

What is the function of the PDH complex?

A

Convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA

32
Q

Products from the breakdown of amino acids also feed into the Krebs cycle TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

33
Q

What is produced by the Electron Transport Chain?

A

h2O, ATP

34
Q

What is the NET yield from PDH complex?

A

2NADH

35
Q

What is the NET yield from Krebs cycle?

A

6NADH, 2FADH2 and 2GTP

36
Q

What is the total yield of ATP from glycolysis, krebs and PDH combined?

A

36 ATP

37
Q

How many complexes are in the electron transport chain?

A

4

38
Q

What drives the production of water in the ETC

A

giving up of electrons from cytochrome C

39
Q

What is the function of the ETC

A

Establish a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive ATP synthase to produce ATP

40
Q

What is the final reaction of of ETC?

A

O + 2H+ –> H2O

41
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

Across the inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

TRUE or FALSE the ETC requires oxygen

A

TRUE

43
Q

What are the electron carriers of reaction 1 in the ETC?

A

NAD and FAD

44
Q

What are the electron carriers of reaction 2 in the ETC?

A

Ubiquinone

45
Q

Describe ubiquinone

A

Fat soluble, co-enzyme Q, accepts one or two electrons

46
Q

What are the electron carriers of reaction 3 in the ETC?

A

Cytochromes

47
Q

Which type/s of cytochrome is soluble

A

type c

48
Q

What are the electron carriers of reaction 4 of the ETC?

A

iron-sulphur proteins

49
Q

What reaction in the ETC causes the oxidation of succinate into fumarate?

A

Reaction 2

50
Q

Describe how ATP-synthase produces ATP

A

protons cause the subunit to rotate by 1/3 this causes a conformational change in the beta subunit

51
Q

How many protons are required to aid ATP- synthase make 1ATP

A

3

52
Q

What are the inhibitors of the Krebs cycle?

A

Cyanide, Azide, Carbon monoxide and uncoupling agents

53
Q

What is the effect of uncoupling agents on the Krebs cycle

A

dissipation of the proton gradient

54
Q

What complex do cyanide, azide and carbon monoxide act on

A

Complex IV

55
Q

What genetic disorder is caused by mutations in ETC?

A

Leigh syndrome

56
Q

What is the main site of energy production?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

TRUE or FALSE - glucose can be made from Acetyl CoA

A

FALSE

58
Q

Which tissues exhibit metabolic specialisation?

A

Brain, liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle

59
Q

What is the function of ketone bodies?

A

Alternative source of energy during short term fasting

60
Q

What is the major fuel for muscle metabolism?

A

Glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies

61
Q

What is the source of energy for heavy activity of muscle metabolism?

A

Muscle glycogen

62
Q

Where is the site of glucose production during starvation?

A

kidney

63
Q

What happens in the liver when blood glucose levels drop?

A

Liver signals to breakdown glycogen, reduces glycolysis and increases gluconeogenseis

64
Q

Describe Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

65
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin production stops, blood glucose regulation is disrupted

66
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin resistance, pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin

67
Q

What are diabetes mellitus diseases characterised by?

A

high levels of blood glucose

68
Q

How do you treat diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin injections

69
Q

What is inhibited in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

glycolysis

70
Q

What state is the liver stuck in in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

ketogenic and gluconeogenic

BMS109 Cell & Molecular (26 decks)

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