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BMS109 Cell & Molecular > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton comprised of?

A

Microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments

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2
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton found?

A

ALL eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton

A

dynamic, complex, intracellular network of tubules, filaments and fibres

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

give cells shape and function

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5
Q

Where do microtubules start?

A

single point - microtubule organising centre

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6
Q

What are the roles of microtubules

A

organisation of cell shape, movement and division

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7
Q

Describe microtubules

A

hollow tubes of different lengths and sizes

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8
Q

How do microtubules always exist

A

Dimers together

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9
Q

What is a microtubule (structure)

A

hetero-polymer of alpha and beta tubulin with a GTP bound molecule

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10
Q

How do the dimers in microtubules arrange themselves

A

end to end in protofilaments, forming a tube like structure of individual microtubules

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE - microtubules lack polarity

A

FALSE

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12
Q

Which end of the microtubule grows slows

A

minus end

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13
Q

Describe growth at the plus end of the microtubule

A

fast

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14
Q

What can affect microtubule function

A

post-translational modifications and microtubule associated proteins

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15
Q

What do microtubules form

A

mitotic spindle

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16
Q

What acts to create dynamic instability in microtubules?

A

assembly and the minus and plus ends

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17
Q

What makes up microtubules

A

tubulin heterodimers

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18
Q

What does the minus end of tubulin become during assembly

A

mostly GDP

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19
Q

What does the plus end of tubulin become during assembly

A

mostly GTP

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20
Q

What does tubulin hydrolyse

A

GTP into GDP

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21
Q

Where does hydrolysis of GTP occur fastest in tubules

A

Minus end

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22
Q

What is the function of the plus end in microtubules

A

acts as a cap to protect growing microtubule

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23
Q

What does the assembly of microtubules create

A

dynamic instabilty

24
Q

What end of microtubules promotes depolymerisation

A

plus end

25
Q

When does microtubule growth stop

A

when local concentration of GTP tubulin runs out

26
Q

What is the most stable part of the microtubule

A

base

27
Q

What is the microtubule organising centre important for?

A

polarity and maintaining permanent microtubule network in cell

28
Q

What is the microtubule organising centre comprised of?

A

pair of centrioles

29
Q

What is the function of gamma tubulin in the microtubule organising centre

A

forms special structure around end of individual microtubules, protects minus end from depolarisation

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE - ALL microtubules have the same polarity

A

TRUE

31
Q

Which end of the microtubule goes out into the cell

A

plus end

32
Q

What is a type of microtubule

A

basal body

33
Q

What do basal bodies give rise to

A

spindle poles

34
Q

What are microtubule associated proteins

A

proteins that interact with microtubules

35
Q

What is the function of microtubule associated proteins

A

regulate turnover of microtubules and promote assembly, stabilise microtubules and maintain function

36
Q

where is the function of microtubule associated proteins most important

A

nerve cells

37
Q

What are the motor proteins (microtubule associated proteins)

A

dynein and kinesin

38
Q

Describe Actin microfilaments

A

fibres of homomeric actin, highly conserved, cell type specific

39
Q

What is the structure of actin microfilaments

A

helical geometry, bound ATP

40
Q

What is the function of bound ATP in actin microfilaments

A

polymerisation

41
Q

What are the two forms of actin microfilaments

A

globular and filamentous

42
Q

How does actin exist in low concentrations

A

monomer

43
Q

What happens at the fast growing end of actin

A

new ATP actin is added

44
Q

What modulates actin filament turnover

A

nucleation factors and actin binding proteins

45
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

provide strength and structural support

46
Q

Where are intermediate filaments present

A

most eukaryotic cells EXCEPT fungi

47
Q

Which type of filament/tubule is the most complex

A

intermediate filaments

48
Q

Describe the structure of intermediate filaments

A

homo or heteropolymeric

49
Q

where are intermediate filaments found in the cell

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

Where can special forms of intermediate filaments be found

A

nucleus E.G. lamina

51
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments in the nucleus

A

provide structural integrity

52
Q

What are the five subtypes of intermediate filaments

A

epithelial keratins, vimentin & desmin, neurofilaments, nuclear lamins

53
Q

Where do vimentin and desmin exist respectively

A

vimentin - fibroblasts

desmin - muscle

54
Q

What regulates the spontaneous self assembly of intermediates filaments

A

phosphorylation

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE - intermediate filaments lack polarity

A

TRUE

56
Q

Why do intermediate filaments lack polarity

A

due to anti-parallel strands

BMS109 Cell & Molecular (26 decks)

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