Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the cells of the body
What are the two types of metabolism? what do they do?
- Catabolic
- large molecules to small
- releases energy
- anabolic
- small molecules to large
- requires energy
What are nutrients?
- any substances required for metabolism
- e.g. water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins
what are enzymes?
biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions/processes in the body
What is the part of the molecule that combines with the substrate?
Active Site
enzyme + substrate =
enzyme substrate complex
What are the 7 factors that effect enzyme activity?
- enzyme concentration
- substrate concentration
- product removal
- temperature
- ph levels
- co factors or co enzymes
- enzyme inhibitors
What are organic compounds? + examples
large molecules that contain a carbon chain.
- e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins
What are carbohydrates?
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are the types of Carbohydrates? + examples
- monosaccharides
- simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
- disaccharides
- two simple sugars (e.g maltose)
- polysaccharides
- many simple sugars (e.g. glycogen)
What are lipids?
- Are fatty organic compounds that help perform a variety of functions in the body
- glycerol molecule + 1, 2 or 3 fatty acid molecules
What is the most common lipid in our body?
-tryglyceride
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What are proteins?
organic compound made up of many amino acids
What are the types of proteins?
- peptide bond
- amino acids bonded
- release water molecule
- dipeptide
- 2 amino acids bonded
- polypeptide
- more than 10 amino acids bonded
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate
What are inorganic compounds? + examples
do not contain a carbon chain (e.g. water, minerals, vitamins)
Why is water important?
- other substances dissolve in it
- water molecules take part in some chemical reactions
Why are minerals important?
- part of enzymes
- part of substances like ATP involves in metabolism
Why are vitamins important?
- act as a coenzyme for many chemical reactions in metabolism
What is cellular respiration?
process where organic molecules break down in the cells to release energy
Cellular respiration equation:
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
What is glycolysis?
break down of glucose into 2 pyruvates
What are the steps of cellular respiration? (brief)
- glycolysis
- if no oxygen available –> anaerobic respiration
- if there is oxygen available –>aerobic respiration
What is anaerobic respiration?
pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid
- then taken to liver to combine with oxygen and form glucose again
What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
- pyruvate turns into acetyl coenzyme A
- The acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle, producing 2 ATP
- Electron transport system - oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed here resulting in oxygen molecules producing water.
–> number of ATP produced is 38
what is oxygen debt? and how is it repaid?
- the lack of oxygen through exercise, more oxygen is needed than being produced.
- Oxygen repaid through heavy breathing , hyperventilating
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Where does glycolysis and anaerobic respiration occur?
Cytosol
