Cells Flashcards
Functions of Nucleus
- controls cell activity
- contains DNA
- determines proteins a cell makes
Functions of Nucleolus
- contains rRNA
- makes proteins
- makes two units that form a ribosome
Functions of Ribosome
- assemble amino acids to make proteins
- found rough ER or in cytosol
Functions of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- covered in ribosomes
- makes and processes proteins
Functions of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- makes and processes lipids and cholesterol
Functions of Golgi Body
- modifies and packages proteins
- sends proteins to various location via vesicles
Functions of Vesicles
- membrane bound sac
- transport materials
- recycle waste materials
Functions of Lysosome
- specialised vesicle formed from the Golgi body
- contains digestive enzymes to break down large molecules
- breaks down damaged organelles
- protection by fusing with other lysosomes
Functions of Mitochondria
- powerhouse of cell
- turns glucose into ATP
- required for aerobic respiration
Functions of Cilia
- moving particles that increase the surface area
Functions of Flagella
- helps move cells
Functions of Cytoskeleton
- gives shape of the cell
- required for movement
- consists of:
- microtubules
- centrioles
- microfilaments
What are Inclusions?
- chemical substances that aren’t part of the cell structure
- e.g. haemoglobin and melanin
Functions of Cell Membrane
- separates from other cells
- regulates passage of materials
- sensitive to changes
- supports the cell
Structure of Cell Membrane
- phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic lipid tail)
- cholesterol
- proteins (receptor, channel, carrier and cell-identity markers)
What are the 2 different types of transport?
- Active
- Passive
What is active transport? + examples
- requires ATP
- e.g. vesicular transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
What is passive transport? + examples
- does not require ATP
- e.g. simple diffusion, facilitated and osmosis
What is simple diffusion?
- high concentration to low
- does not require ATP
- diffusion that does not require the help of membrane proteins
What is facilitated diffusion?
- requires a transport protein
- high concentration to low
Types of Transport Proteins
- channel protein
- carrier protein (more specific)
What are the two types of Vesicular transport? how do they work?
- Endocytosis (into the cell)
- Exocytosis (out of the cell)
What is the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
- pinocytosis is when cells take in liquid
- phagocytosis is when cells take in solids that will eventually digest
What is surface area to volume ratio?
How much surface area there is compared to the size of the cell
What is osmosis?
- high water content to low water content
What are the 4 main tissue types?
- epithelial
- muscular
- connective
- nervous
