MET2 Anatomy1 Flashcards
Where does the tongue push the food bolus to? [1]
Acceptable responses: Pharynx, Oropharynx
Where is a common area for objects, for example, fish bones to lodge in the pharynx? [1]
Piriform fossa
Label A-E
A : Right inferior nasal concha
B : Right piriform fossa
C : Spinous process of T1
D : Left epiglottic vallecula
E : Left body of mandible
Which of the following is the adenoids?
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 this
2
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is the oropharynx?
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is connects the middle ear to the pharnyx?
1
2
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is connects the middle ear to the pharnyx?
1
2: Eustachian tube
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is the where food becomes commoly lodged?
1
2
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is the where food becomes commoly lodged?
1
2
3
4
5
6: Piriform fossa
Which of the following elevates during swallowing?
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Which of the following is found at the level of larynx?
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name the 4 muscles of mastication [4]
Which bone do theses muscles directly move? [1]
Temporalis, Masseter, Medial pterygoid and Later pterygoid.
Move the mandible directly
The MRI image below shows parotid adenocarcinoma. Which of the following cranial nerve signs would you expect to see in this patient?
Unilateral facial paralysis
Uvular deviation
Reduced facial sensation
Bitemporal heminaopia
The MRI image below shows parotid adenocarcinoma. Which of the following cranial nerve signs would you expect to see in this patient?
Unilateral facial paralysis
Uvular deviation
Reduced facial sensation
Bitemporal heminaopia
Despite not innervating the Partoid glad the Facial nerve runs through the gland. This relationship is important as swelling or surgery on the parotid gland can compress facial nerve branches
The motor innervation for the constrictor muscles is provided by which nerve?
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XII)
The motor innervation for the constrictor muscles is provided by which nerve?
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XII)
When pharyngeal of swallowing occurs, how does the pharynx’s structure change? [2]
Which two muscles cause the larynx to elevate? [2]
The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus of food as the suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract elevating the larynx.
Pharyngeal muscle is [] muscle and therefore receives a [] supply.
Pharyngeal muscle is skeletal muscle and therefore receives a somatic supply.
As the food bolus is pushed into the pharynx the epiglottis of the larynx is pulled inferiorly to prevent food being aspirated.
Which nerve is responsible for closure of the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Glossopharnygeal nerve
Vagus nerve
As the food bolus is pushed into the pharynx the epiglottis of the larynx is pulled inferiorly to prevent food being aspirated.
Which nerve is responsible for closure of the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Glossopharnygeal nerve
Vagus nerve
As the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid) it is responsible for the closure during swallowing.
What are the 3 oesophageal sphincters
- External OS:
- Arch of aorta and left main bronchus pass over the O
- Lower OS
Which nerve provides motor supply to the oesophagus? [1]
Acceptable responses: Vagus, Vagus nerve, CN X, X, cranial nerve 10
The openings at each end of the inguinal canal are the [] ring and the [] ring.
The openings at each end of the inguinal canal are the deep (internal) ring and the superficial (external) ring.
What structure is this arrow pointing at? [1]
Inferior epigastric vessels [1]
What does this arrow point to? [1]
Linea alba
What structure is found at the mid point of the inguinal ligament?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
What structure is found at the mid point of the inguinal ligament?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
What is a patent processus vaginalis?
Patent processus vaginalis:
As the testes descend they pull the peritoneum with them. This leads to an invagination of the peritonum: processus vaginalis
Usually this fibrosus superiorly, leaving a pouch of peritonum in the scrotum (tunica vaginalis).
Sometimes the processes does not fibrose, leaving a patent processus vaginalis.
Label 1-4
1: Falciform ligament
2: Greater omentum
3: Transverse mesocolon
4: Mesentary
LABEL 1-2 & X,Y
- = this layer of peritoneum is sparsely innervated by X nerves hence produces a dull, poorly localised pain.
- = this layer of peritoneum richly innervated by Y nerves. This causes a well-localised, sharp pain.
- Visceral Pain: this layer of peritoneum is sparsely innervated by visceral nerves hence produces a dull, poorly localised pain.
- Parietal Pain: this layer of peritoneum richly innervated by somatic nerves. This causes a well-localised, sharp pain.
Visceral afferent fibres carry information in autonomic fibres retrogradely. Pain perceived in an organ corresponds to its embryological development.
Name the vert levels where pain would be felt for the following:
A: Foregut (Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Spleen, Proximal Duodenum)
B: Midgut (Distal Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, 2/3rd Transverse Colon)
C: Hindgut (1/3rd Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum)
Visceral afferent fibres carry information in autonomic fibres retrogradely. Pain perceived in an organ corresponds to its embryological development.
Name the vert levels where pain would be felt for the following:
A: Foregut (Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Spleen, Proximal Duodenum): T6-T9 EPIGASTRIC
B: Midgut (Distal Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, 2/3rd Transverse Colon): T8-T12 UMBILICAL
C: Hindgut (1/3rd Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum): T12-L2 SUPRAPUBIC
Where would you expect pain from appendicitis to present?
Acceptable responses: umbilical, umbilical region
If appendicitis progresses and inflames the parietal peritoneum where would the pain be perceived? [1]
Acceptable responses: Answer 1, right iliac fossa, lower right quadrant
On the images below, identify the branches of the coeliac trunk that the arrow points to [1]
Hepatic artery
On the images below, identify the branches of the coeliac trunk that the arrow points to and note what they are supplying.
Superior pancreaticduodenal
On the images below, identify the branches of the coeliac trunk that the arrow points to and note what they are supplying.
Gastroduodenal
Hepatic artery proper
Right gastric
Short gastric
Short gastric
Right gastroepiploic
Which of the following is the jejunum and ileum?
Left: J
Right: Ileum
What is a volvulus?
Because of its mobility, the sigmoid colon can rotate around its mesentery. This may correct itself spontaneously, or the rotation may continue until the blood supply to the sigmoid colon is completely shut off. The rotation commonly occurs clockwise and is referred to as a volvulus.
What is the most common cause of ano-rectal varices? [1]
Portal HTN
The rectum and anus are a site of []
The rectum and anus are therefore a site of portosystemic anastomoses.
The structures in the upper part of the anal canal follow the pattern of the [] (blood supply, nerve supply, venous and lymphatic drainage).
Whilst the lower part of the anal canal follows the pattern of [].
The structures in the upper part of the anal canal follow the pattern of the hindgut (blood supply, nerve supply, venous and lymphatic drainage).
Whilst the lower part of the anal canal follows the pattern of skin.
THINK ABOUT EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGINS
Haemorrhoids can occur in either the internal or the external anal venous plexus. Which of these locations would be painful?
Internal haemorrhoids
External haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids can occur in either the internal or the external anal venous plexus. Which of these locations would be painful?
Internal haemorrhoids
External haemorrhoids
Portal HTN can cause varices in which two areas? [2]
Oesophagus
Rectum
Which CNs supply the following salivary glands:
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Which CNs supply the following salivary glands:
Parotid: CN IX
Submandibular: CNVII
Sublingual: CNVII
Which CNs supply the following salivary glands:
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Which CNs supply the following salivary glands:
Parotid: CN IX
Submandibular: CNVII
Sublingual: CNVII
Which nerve is sensory in the oropharynx? [1]
The soft palate is tense and elevated to close the nasopharynx. Which nerve is repsonsible for this? [1]
Which nerve is sensory in the oropharynx? [1]
CN IX
The soft palate is tense and elevated to close the nasopharynx. Which nerve is repsonsible for this? [1]
CN X
What is a hiatus hernia?
What is a common cause?
when part of the stomach squeezes up into the chest through an opening (“hiatus”) in the diaphragm.
The most common cause of a hiatal hernia is an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity. Your abdominal cavity is the space in the middle of your body that holds several organs, including the:
Lower part of the esophagus and stomach.
Small intestine, colon and rectum.
Liver.
Gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.
Kidneys.
Bladder.
What action does the rectus abdominis have? [2]
Flexion of the trunk (forwards)
Forced exhalation
What are the 3 boundaries of Hesselbachs triangle?
inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric vessel, and rectus abdominis muscle.
What structure would emerge from the superficial inguinal ring in a female OR male? [2]
F: Round ligament
M: Spermatic cord
Which three structures pass through the epiploic foramen [3]
Hepatic artery proper
Portal vein
Common Bile duct
