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MET2 > HPA Axis > Flashcards

HPA Axis Flashcards

1
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei is involved with particularly with the HPA axis? [1]

A

paraventricular nuclei

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2
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei is involved with circadian rythym and sleep cycle? [1]

A

Supra-optic nuclei

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3
Q

Which hormones are produced by the AP? [6]

Which hormones are produced by the PP? [2]

A

Anterior Pituitary:
* Prolactin
* FSH & LH
* Growth Hormone
* TSH
* ACTH

Posterior Pituitary:
* Oxytocin
* ADH

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4
Q

Give an example of hormones for 1-5

A

1 & £ Hypothalamic cell that regulates another hypothalamic cell, which releases hypothalamic hormone down long portal vessel into the AP. E.g. 1: kisspeptin, 3:GnRH (causes release of LH & FSH

2 =. E.g GHRH. Made in hypothalamus and released directely into long portal vessel

4: ADH: releases contents in upper PP, via short portal vessels

5 =. ADH or oxytocin

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5
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit? [1]

A

Sella turcica [1]

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6
Q

Label the different cranial nerves present in cavernous sinus

A
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7
Q

The anterior pituitary develops from which structure? [1]

A

Rathkes pouch

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8
Q

The anterior pituitary reqiures which transcription factors to develop? [1]

A

PIT1 [1]

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9
Q

What are developmental consequences of being deficient in PIT1? [2]

A

Hypothyroidism develops to create cretinism

Overall lacks TSH,GH and Prolactin

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10
Q

Give outline of GHRH & GH axis [2]

Which hormone inhibits release of Growth Hormone? [1]

A

Hypothalamus: GPR101 ligand creates GPR101: stimulates GHRH

Hypothalamus: GHRH stimulates production of GH

of Growth Hormone: works one every cell in the body. stimulates IGF-1

Somatostatin inhibits release of GH

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11
Q

Give regulator of prolactin release. How does this work?

A

Dopamine inhbits the release of prolactin, which used for milk glands and immune system

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks of thyroid axis

A
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13
Q

Damage to target organ causes what type of activity in HPA axis? [1]

What are features of this? [2]

A

Damage to primary organ causes primary underactivity:

  • decreased target hormone
  • increased pituitary hormone

OVERACTIVITY WOULD BE REVERSE OF THIS

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14
Q

Damage to AP / PP pituitary organ causes what type of activity in HPA axis? [1]

What are features of this? [2]

A

Damage to primary organ causes secondary underactivity:

  • decreased target hormone
  • decreased pituitary hormone

OVERACTIVITY WOULD BE REVERSE OF THIS

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15
Q

Label A-F

A
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16
Q

Roles of GHRH? [4]

A
  1. Stimulates GH release
  2. Stimulates GH synthesis
  3. Increases GH cell number
  4. Promotes GH cell clusters for coordinated responses
17
Q

What type of receptor is GHRH receptor? [1]

Explain what happens when GHRH receptor is activated [2]

A

GPCR

Alpha subunit:
- cuts off a phosphate / hydrolises GTP to GDP which originally activated the alpha subunit (regulatory step: so that adenylyl cyclase isnt continually switched on

  • activates adenylyl cyclase, which creates cAMP: second messenger to activte GH
18
Q

Explain effect of gsp oncogene with regards to GHRH receptor [1]

A

GSP oncogene:

Causes a mutant alpha subunit:
- cannot hydrolise GTP to GDP, which results with alpha subunit constantly activating adenylyl cyclase

19
Q

Which sydnrome is created by a mosaic mutation in GNAS gene? [1]

How do they present? [3]

A

McCune-Albright syndrome

(Cannot be inherited)

Syndrome has classic traid of:
* polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone
* precocious puberty
* café-au-lait skin pigmentation

20
Q

Who makes more GH:

women
men

GH regulation comes from which nucleus? [2]

A

Who makes more GH:

women
men

GH regulation comes either arcuate nucleus or infindibulum nucleus

21
Q

Excess GH causes which pathology? [1]

What commonly causes this? [1]

A

Pituitary gigantism: pituitary tumour (GH secreting adenoma)

22
Q

How does GH bind to GH receptor?

A

Binding of GH to its receptor results in dimerization of the GHR: causes intra-cellular spinning of the receptor

23
Q

Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 micropduplications and [] mutation

A

Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 micropduplications and GPR101 mutation

24
Q

Fill in the blanks for production of FSH & LH

A

A: Kisspeptin
B: GPR54
C: GnRH

24
Q

Fill in the blanks for production of FSH & LH

A

A: Kisspeptin
B: GPR54
C: GnRH

25
Q
A
26
Q

Describe the pattern of cortisol release

A

Circadian rhythm (highest in morning)

27
Q

Describe the difference between ACTH independent and ACH dependent Cushings syndrome

A

ACTH independent: too much cortisol, but not because ACTH is stimulating this increase in cortisol

ACTH dependent: cortisol increase due to increase in ACTH

28
Q

What is the most common cause of ACTH-indepedent Cushing’s syndrome? [1]

Name two other causes

A

Exogenous glucocorticoid threapy (steroid therapy)
(e.g. long term inhaler use)

Can be due to adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal tumour

MET2 (52 decks)

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