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MET2 > Endocrine Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Label these parts of the pituitary gland

A

A: hypothalamus
B: pituitary stalk
C: posterior pitiutary
D: anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Which one of these is AP and PP? [2]

A
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3
Q

Which part is AP and PP? [2]

A
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4
Q

Which part is AP and PP? [2]

A
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5
Q

The anterior part is derived from an upgrowth from the oral ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity called []

A

The anterior part is derived from an upgrowth from the oral ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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6
Q

Posterior pit. controlled by axons which nuclei in the hypothalamus? [1]

Anterior pit. controlled by axons which nuclei in the hypothalamus? [1]

A

Posterior pit. controlled by axons which nuclei in the hypothalamus? [1]
Paraventricular nuclei

Anterior pit. controlled by axons which nuclei in the hypothalamus? [1]
Supraoptic nucleus

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7
Q

What are the three types of cells in the AP? [3]

What are their differing roles?

A

Acidophil:
* Pink cytoplasm and dark nuclei
* Secrete protein hormones: growth factor and prolactin

Basophils
* Purple cytoplasm
* Secrete glycoprotein hormones: adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle
stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Chromophobe
* Non secretory serve as support or
precursors for acidophils and
basophils

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7
Q

What are the three types of cells in the AP? [3]

What are their differing roles?

A

Acidophil:
* Pink cytoplasm and dark nuclei
* Secrete protein hormones: growth factor and prolactin

Basophils
* Purple cytoplasm
* Secrete glycoprotein hormones: adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle
stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Chromophobe
* Non secretory serve as support or
precursors for acidophils and
basophils

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8
Q
A
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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are the types of capillaries in the AP? [1]

A

The capillaries in this gland are fenestrated, to enable passage of hormones from the secretory cells into the bloodstream.

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11
Q

What are the two classes of acidophils?
What are the secretory products of these classes of acidophils? [2]

What are three classes of basophils? [3] and what are the secretory products? [3]

A

What are the two classes of acidophils?
Somatotrophs: GH
Mammotrophs: Prolactin

What are three classes of basophils? [3]
Gonadotrophs: FSH & LH
Thyrotrophs: TSH
Corticotrophs: ACTH

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12
Q

Which AP cells are which on the masson trichrome? [2]

A
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13
Q

Posterior Pit:

A
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14
Q

What are herring bodies and pituicytes in PP? [2]

A
  • Herring bodies = focal axonal swellings packed with secretory granules
  • Pituicyte = glial cells of the pituitary = nuclei that are visible
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Explain the role of Pituicytes in the PP? [2]

A

Regulate the release of hormones: makes end feet (similar to astrocytes) that go around Herring bodies. When get release of signal - end feet retract & hormones go into blood

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17
Q

The [] portal circulation carries releasing hormones from the [] to the [] targeting the [] and [] and causing release of hormones into the blood stream.

A

the hypophyseal portal circulation carries releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis targeting the acidophils and basophils and causing release of hormones into the blood stream.

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18
Q

The bulk of the PP consists of axons from neurons in the [] and [] nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

The bulk of the PP consists of axons from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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19
Q

Label A of PP

A

Herring Bodies

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20
Q

What are different symptoms caused by microadenomas [1] and macroadenomas >1cm [1]

A

microadenomas: creates XS hormones

and macroadenomas >1cm: produce mass efects like headaches and visual disturbances

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21
Q

How do you tell which cells make up the pituitary adenoma? [1]

A

Appear the same: need to do immunohistochemical staining to tell the difference

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22
Q

How do you tell which cell class most commonly make up pituitary adenomas? [2]

A
  • Somatotroph: GH
  • Lactotroph: prolactin
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23
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes hormones made from which molecule? [1]

A

Cholesterol

24
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the adrenal cortex? [3]

A
  • Glomerulosa (near capsule)
  • Fasiculata
  • Reticularis (near medulla)
25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q

How do you ID the three different adrenal cortex cell layers? [3]

A

Zona glomerulosa: outer layer, purple, ovoid clusters, seperated by capillaries

Zona fasciculata: lipid droplets; appear more white

Zona reticularis: innermost layer. stains intensly

28
Q

Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]

A

Zona fasciculata (tell by the lipid nature)
Secretes: glucorticoids such as cortisol

29
Q

Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]

A

Zona reticularis (dark staining)
secretes sex hormones: oestrogen and testosterone

30
Q

Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]

A

Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone

31
Q

Label A-C

A

A: zona glomerulosa
B: zona reticularis
C: zona fasciculata

32
Q

What do each of the following produce:

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

A

What do each of the following produce:

zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
zona fasciculata: cortisol
zona reticularis: oestrogen and testosterone

33
Q

What are the cells of the adrenal medulla called? [1]

What do they produce? [1]

A

What are the cells of the adrenal medulla called? [1]
Chromaffin cells

What do they produce? [1]
catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

34
Q

Label A

A

Central vein

35
Q

What shape are chromaffin cells?

A

Chromaffin cells are columnar in shape and rather basophilic. At higher magnification, they are seen to have a granular cytoplasm due to hormone-containing granules. They are arranged in clusters, usually around medullary veins, as seen below in an image of rabbit adrenal (H&E stain).

36
Q

How would an adenoma affect adrenal cortex?

A
  • Adenoma = a benign tumour of glandular
    origin - e.g. increase in cortisol
37
Q

How would an adenoma affect adrenal cortex?

A
  • Adenoma = a benign tumour of glandular
    origin - e.g. increase in cortisol
38
Q

How can you tell the difference between which cells secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline in adenal medulla? [2]

A

N: darker
A: lighter

39
Q
A
40
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?
Name 3 symptoms

A
  • Grows from the chromaffin cells
  • Most are benign only about 10% metastasise
    to other parts of the body
  • Very rare (8 people per 1 million) * Classic triad of episodic (in around 30%)
  • Headaches
  • Sweating
  • Tachycardia
    due to increased adrenaline release
  • Fine granular cytoplasm can be deeply basophilic
  • Granules are filled with catecholamines
  • Nuclei round or oval with one or more nucleoli
41
Q

What are the structural units of thyroid cells called? [1]
Describe their structure [1] and the cell types that make them [1]

Which cel type lies adjacent to principal cells? [1]

A

What are the structural units of thyroid cells called? [1]
Follicles: principle cells are secretory epithelial cells that are surrounded by BM and reticular CT

  • Parafollicular cells (C-cells) lie adjacent to
    principal cells
42
Q
A
43
Q

Label A1 and A2 B C

A

A1: Follicles
A2: colloid (and a central mass of follicles)
B: Follicular epithelial cells
C: LCT

44
Q

Why do follicular epithelial cells change in shape and how does this occur? [2]

A

Follicular cells - are almost columnar in appearance in some regions, whilst elsewhere they have a low cuboidal appearance.

This is because in active glands, the follicles are smaller, and have reduced colloid - the cuboidal lining cells are relatively tall because they are actively making and secreting hormones - so packed full of ER and golgi.

Hypothyroidism = squamous or cuboidal Hyperthyroidism = columnar

45
Q

What substance do parafollicular cells (C-cells) produce and what function does this cause? [2]

A

Secrete calcitonin: decreases Ca2+ levels

46
Q

Colloid is an inactive precursor of [] and []

A

Colloid is an inactive precursor of T3 and T4

47
Q

Explain what Graves disease is and what causes it? [2]

Which molecules does it caused to be raised / depressed?

A

Type of
hyperthyroidism:

Autoantibodies (which mimics TSH) cause increase agaisnt TSH receptor on follicular epithelial cells

Causes colloid to become depleted:

Increases levels of :
- T4 & T3
- Radioiodine uptake

Decreases:
- TSH

48
Q

Explain what Graves disease is and what causes it? [2]

Which molecules does it caused to be raised / depressed?

A

Type of
hyperthyroidism:

Autoantibodies (which mimics TSH) cause increase agaisnt TSH receptor on follicular epithelial cells

Causes colloid to become depleted:

Increases levels of :
- T4 & T3
- Radioiodine uptake

Decreases:
- TSH

49
Q

FYI

A

Normal Thyroid on left
Graves on right: Clear vacuoles in colloid next to epithelium where increased activity of epithelium has used colloid to make thyroid hormone

50
Q

Explain characterisitcs of Hashimoto thyroidosis

A
  • Autoimmune disease of T
  • Causes hypothyrodism due to destruction of TSH receptor
  • Lympocyte infiltration occurs
51
Q

What are two types of cells in parathyroid gland? [2]
What are their functions? [2]
How can you tell apart

A

What are two types of cells in parathyroid gland? [2]
Oxyphil cells function unknown, large, fewer, small acidophilic cytoplasm with many mito

Chief cells: produce PTH, prominent central nuclei surroundered by pale cytoplasm

52
Q
A

A: chief cells
B: oxyphil cells

53
Q
A
54
Q
A

Identify the clusters of chief cells (CC), which secrete PTH. Also, identify oxyphil cells (OC), which are larger and paler staining than the chief cells.

55
Q

What is the role of D-cells in islet of langehans? [1]

A

What is the role of D-cells in islet of langehans?
Produce somatostatin broad effects on gastrointestinal function, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

56
Q

Where do you find alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells in islet of Langerhans?

A

Alpha: periperhy
Beta: Centre
Delta: scattered

56
Q

Where do you find alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells in islet of Langerhans?

A

Alpha: periperhy
Beta: Centre
Delta: scattered

MET2 (52 decks)

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