Anatomy of Endocrine Glands Flashcards
Which structure does the pituitary gland sit in? [1]
Which bone is that? [1]
Sellla turcica; sphenoid bone
What are the corners of sella turcica called? [1]
What is their role / what do they attach to? [1]
Clinoid process
bed-like (4 poster bed) provide attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli. Dura mater attaches to the clinoid process to keep it protected and in place
The pituitary gland lies WHAT to the hypothalamus?
Superior
Inferior
Antierior
Posterior
The pituitary gland lies WHAT to the hypothalamus?
Superior
Inferior
Antierior
Posterior
What are the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland AKA? [2]
Anterior pituitary: Adenohypophysis
Postierior pituitary: Neurohypophysis
Label A-D
A: Infindibulum
B: Anterior lobe
C: Hypothalamus
D: Posterior lobe
Label A-D
A: Infindibulum
B: Anterior lobe
C: Hypothalamus
D: Posterior lobe
Which of the lobes of the pituitary gland is glandular tissue and which is neural tissue?
Ant lobe is glandular tissue
Post lobe = neural tissue
Why is the anterior lobe of the PG an endocrine organ, but the posterior lobe not really? [2]
The posterior portion is not truly a endocrine gland as the hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and are transported down the axons and secreted by the posterior lobe
Posterior is an extension of the hypothalamus, with neurosecretory cells
Where are the cell bodies of posterior lobe and where are the axons? [2]
Cell bodies: hypothalamus
Axons: extend down posterior pit
What is the difference in the development of the pituitary lobes? [2]
Anterior part
* is derived from anupgrowthfrom theoral ectodermof the primitive oral cavity calledRathke’s pouch.
Posterior lobe:
* extension of the hypothalamaus, with neurosecreatory cells
Name the hormones that anterior lobe secretes [6]
Name the hormones that the posterior lobe secretes [2]
Anterior:
* Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
* Luteinising hormone (LH)
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Prolactin (PRL)
* Growth hormone (GH)
Posterior:
* ADH
* Oxytocin
Describe the Posterior Pituitary-neural connection and how oxytocin / ADH are released?
Which nuclei are ADH / oxytocin from/ [2]
ADH released from cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei
Oxytocin releaesd rfom paraventricular nuclei
Axons transport Oxytocin/ADH
Hormones secreted directly into capillary bed
Describe anterior-pit. vascular connection
Get blood supply from ICA –> Superior hypophyseal artery –> primary plexus –> hypophyseal portal vein –> secondary plexus –> efferent hypophyseal veins –> cavernous sinus
Hypothalamus secretes hormones into primary plexus: hormones are then in the vasucular system
Transport down the hypophyseal portal vein, where enter secondary plexus, go into Efferent hypophyseal veins and then cavernous sinus
Where do each of the following work their magic?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) [1]
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
[1]
Luteinising hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1]
Prolactin (PRL) [1]
Growth hormone (GH) [1]
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal glands
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
Luteinising hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Reproductive organs
Prolactin (PRL)
Lactation
Growth hormone (GH)
Metabolism and growth
What would be the visual defect as a result of a pituitary adenoma?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Which structures lie in the cavernous sinus? [6]
CN4 – trochlear
CN V1 & V2 - trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary)
CN 6 - abudecens
ICA
FYI
Almost all tumours of the pituitary gland are non-cancerous and do not spread
How do you remove pituitary gland ademonas? [1]
Go into via sphenoid air sinus and remove
What are Cushing syndrome caused by? [1]
What are symptoms?
Cushing’s syndrome is a condition caused by having too much cortisol in body
Common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include more body fat on your chest, tummy, neck or shoulders. Your face may also be red and puffy
Which hormones are usually effected in pituitary ademona? [4]
GH, TSH, ACTH or Prolactin
What are results of overproduction of each of the following?
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) [1]
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [1]
- Luteinising hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1]
- Prolactin (PRL) [1]
- Growth hormone (GH) [1]
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): XS cortisol: Cushing’s sydnrome
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Hyperthyroidism, weight loss, rapid HR, tremors
- Luteinising hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): irregular menstrual periods, decreased interest in sex
- Prolactin (PRL): irregular menstrual periods, abnormal milk producton
- Growth hormone (GH): Gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults
Which are the glandular and neural parts of the adrenal glands?
Cortex (outer layer): glandular
Medulla (middle layer): neural part
Describe nervous supply to adrenal glands
Specialised sympathetic ganglion:
preganganglion sympatheric neurons in spinal cord run out of spinal cord and to sympathetic chain and don’t synapse
The chromaffin cells act as enlarged post-ganglionic fibers that release their neurochemicals directly into the blood stream instead of at a neuroeffector junction.
NO SYNPASE IN ADRENAL MEDULLA
NO POST GANGLION: NO POST SYNAPTIC FIBRES
The adrenal glands get their nerve supply from the coeliac ganglion, from the lesser and least splanchnic nerves
What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?
Neural crest cells
Mesoderm
Midgut
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?
Neural crest cells
Mesoderm
Midgut
Ectoderm
‘B’ represents the zona fasiculata, which produces and secretes corticosteroids such as cortisol.
What is the role of:
Testosterone [1]
Cortisol [1]
Aldosterone [1]
Testosterone: sexual characteristics
Cortisol: stress response
Aldosterone: regulation of sodium
Describe the blood supply to the adrenal glands? [3] & sources? [3]
The adrenal glands have a rich blood supply via three main arteries:
Superior adrenal artery – arises from the inferior phrenic artery
Middle adrenal artery – arises from the abdominal aorta.
Inferior adrenal artery – arises from the renal arteries.
Label A-E of different zones of the adrenal glands
A: cortex
B: zona glomerulosa
C: zona fasciculata
D: zona reticularis
E: medulla
Which of the following produces and secretes androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES). It also secretes a small amount of corticosteroids.
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following produces and secretes androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES). It also secretes a small amount of corticosteroids.
A
B
C
D: zona reticularis
E
Which of the following produces and secretes androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES). It also secretes a small amount of corticosteroids.
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following produces and secretes androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES). It also secretes a small amount of corticosteroids.
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following secrete adrenaline?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following secrete adrenaline?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following secretes aldosterone?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following secretes aldosterone?
A
B: zona glomerulosa
C
D
E
Which of the following secretes cortisol?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following secretes cortisol?
A
B
C : zona fasciculata
D
E
Describe adrenal venous drainage [2]
Right and left adrenal veins drain the glands.
The right adrenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
The left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein.
Lavel A-D
A: Thyrohyoid
B: Sternothyroid
C: Omohyoid
D: Sternohyoid
Which vert. levels does the thryoid gland lie between? [1]
Which cartilage does the thymus sit on? [1]
C5-T1
Sits on Cricoid cartilage
Explain the positional changes of thyroid as it develops
Develops in oral cavity and descends: thyroid gland develops on the posterior aspect of your tongue
descends along this route, to reach its final position
so accessory thyroid tissue can be found anywhere along this tract
Label A-G
A: External carotid artery
B: Superior thyroid artery
C: Left parathyroid glands
D: Inferior thyroid artery
E: Thyrocervical trunk
F: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
G: Right parathryoid artery
Label the nerve supply in A-D
A: Vagus nerve
B: Superior laryngeal nerve
C: Internal branch, superior laryngeal nerve
D: External branch, superior laryngeal nerve
Which two structures are closely related in the thryoid area? [2]
Superior thryoid artery is close to the external laryngeal nerve at its origin: have to ligate superior thyroid artery near superior pole of thyroid
What effect does damage to superior laryngeal nerve cause? [1]
Why? [1]
Changes to pitch in sound ( inability to attain the high registers of voice and singing)
Damage to cricothyroid muscle
What effect does damage to superior laryngeal nerve cause? [1]
Why? [1]
Changes to pitch in sound ( inability to attain the high registers of voice and singing)
Damage to cricothyroid muscle
Label A-C [3]
AND their sources [3]
A: superior thyroid artery (from external carotid artery)
B: Inferior thyroid artery (from tyrocervical trunk)
C: Thyroid IMA artery (from brachiocephalic trunk)
Label A-E
A: IJV
B: Superior thyroid vein
C: middle thyroid vein
D: inferior thyroid vein
E: cricothryoid ligament
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone, which mediates the release of which ion?
K+
Ca2+
NADH
Na+
Cl-
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone, which mediates the release of which ion?
K+
Ca2+
NADH
Na+
Cl-
Which structures are found in the carotid sheath? [4]
carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, and sympathetic plexus.
Which blood vessel in the thyroid causes most of problems during surgery? [1]
What problem may occur? [1]
Thyroid IMA: because is so variable
Can cause post op. haemorrage which compresses the trachae
Which of the following is the splenic vein?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the splenic vein?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the inferior pancreatoduodenal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the inferior pancreatoduodenal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the superior pancreatoduodenal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the superior pancreatoduodenal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the portal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the portal vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the inferior mesenteric vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which of the following is the Which of the following is the inferior mesenteric vein?
vein?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Why is the neck of the pancreas a useful landmark? [2]
Above: SMA
Below: SMV
Which of the following is the superior mesenteric vein?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the superior mesenteric vein?
A
B
C
D
E
Which structures make the porta hepatis? [3]
Where is the celia trunk in relation to the pancreas? [1]
Superior
How is the pancreas an exocrine [1] and endocrine [1] organ?
Exocrine: Secretion of powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Endocrine: Releases insulin and glucagon in to the bloodstream to determine how the body uses food for energy
Why does the pancreas have two blood supplies? [2]
Gets blood from CT and SMA as develops from two parts that fuse together
Where can gall stones get stuck [3] and what symptopms would this cause at each location? [3]
Blockages at:
Cystic duct
* Blocks bile out of gall bladder
* BUT: still get bile produced at liver AND pancreatic enzymes still able to get out too
* Causes: biliary colic – pain after eating
Common bile duct
* Bile blocked from liver AND gallbladder:
* Causes:
* biliary colic
AND
* jaundice
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
* Stone blocks bile and pancreatic ducts,
Causes:
- biliary colic
AND
- jaundice
AND
- Pancreatitis
