IMAGING OF THE URINARY TRACK

Question 1

What are ultrasound uses of kidneys ? [2]

Answer 1

Renal cyst
Renal cell carcinoma

Question 2

What are bladder uses of US? [2]
How do you differentiate between the two? [1]

Answer 2

Bladder tumours
Bladder stones

Stones have white cap on and cast a shadow

Question 3

Give some examples of uses for CT urinary imaging

Answer 3

Renal cell carnciomas
Transitonal cell carcinomas
Staghorn stone
Ureteric stones
VUJ stones

Question 4

How does positron emission tomography (PET) scan work? [1]

Answer 4

Radiolabelled glucose given to patient - metabolically active tisse lights up: metastases light up

Question 5

What is prostate-specific membrane antigen scanning (PET)?

Answer 5

Imaging test used to detect prostate cancer throughout the body. It uses a radioactive substance that targets a protein called PSMA, or prostate-specific membrane antigen, which is expressed by prostate cancer. This makes it more accurate for prostate cancer than other types of imaging tests.

Question 6

What do you use MRI for in urology?

Answer 6

prostate cancer
kidney cysts
Renal cell carcinoma
stones

Question 7

Nuclear imaging:

What is MAG3 renogram imaging and what does it show?

Answer 7

A chemical called mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3 or MAG III) is injected into your child’s body. MAG3 is linked to a radioisotope. It emits (gives out) a type of radiation (source of energy) called gamma rays.

MAG3 is taken up in the kidneys and passed out into the urine. The camera detects gamma rays emitted from the MAG3 as it is taken up in the kidneys and flows out of the kidneys in the urine to the bladder.

Shows obstruction

Question 8

What is DMSA renogram used for

Answer 8

Shows function of kidneys

Question 9

How does bone scan work?

which pathology is it useful for in patients? [2]

Answer 9

Tracer (99mTc)-labeled diphosphonate
Binds to active bone

Demonstrates metstasis (prostate goes to bone)
Demonstrates Paget’s

(Cold in melanoma - doesnt show)

Question 10

What is laparoscopy?

Answer 10

Question 11

what is robotic surgery? [1]

what used for? [2]

Answer 11

surgeon controls robot which does the cutting

bladder and prostate cancer removals

Question 12

FYI types of endourology

Answer 12

Question 13

what are the 3 different routes of entry for endourology ? [3]

Answer 13

PCNL: through skin into kidney

ureteroscopy (URS) & Flexible ureteroscopy (fURS): via natural orifice (up the ureter and into bladder / kidney)

cystoscope: up urethra and into bladder