Mental Illness

Question 1

Medical Model

Answer 1

The conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

Refers to some deviation from normal body functioning that has undesirable consequences for the affected individual.

Question 3

Diagnosis

Answer 3

Determine nature of the patient’s mental disease by assessing symptoms.

Question 4

Symptoms

Answer 4

Behaviours, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying syndrome.

Question 5

Syndrome

Answer 5

A coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause.

Question 6

__% of the population will develop a mental disorder.

Answer 6

40.

Question 7

DSM

Answer 7

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 8

DSM-IV-TR

Answer 8

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from similar, other problems.

Question 9

Disorders are classified as if they were a distinct ___.

Answer 9

Illness.

Question 10

In order to be classified a mental disorder, a disorder must contain _ elements of diagnosis.

Answer 10

Three.

Question 11

What are the three elements of diagnosis?

Answer 11

1. Disturbances in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions.
2. Significant personal distress or impairment.
3. Internal dysfunction.

Question 12

Psychological disorders exist along a ___.

Answer 12

Continuum.

Question 13

To help with distinguishing between normal and abnormal, there is a scale called the ___.

Answer 13

GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning).

Question 14

The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnostic categories depend on ___ rather than ___ behaviour.

Answer 14

Interpretation, observable.

Question 15

The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnosis relies on patient ___.

Answer 15

Self-reports.

Question 16

The DSM suffers from complications, because agreement amongst clinicians can vary depending on the ___ ___.

Answer 16

Diagnostic category.

Question 17

The DSM suffers from complications as a result of comorbidity, which is…

Answer 17

The co-occurance of 2 or more disorders in an individual.

Question 18

Causation for mental illness can be ___ or ___.

Answer 18

Internal or external.

Question 19

Internal causation can be ___ or ___.

Answer 19

Biological or psychological.

Question 20

Biological Internal Causation

Answer 20

Genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, and structural abnormalities of the brain.

Question 21

Psychological Internal Causation

Answer 21

Maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive bias, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems.

Question 22

Environmental External Causation

Answer 22

Poor socialization, stressful life circumstances, and cultural and social inequalities.

Question 23

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 23

A theory that suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. However, heritability does not mean destiny.

Question 24

Intervention-Causation Fallacy

Answer 24

Involves the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem. However, you could have just addressed a symptom, not the cause.

Question 25

3 negative consequences of labelling:

Answer 25

Stereotypes, stigma, and seen as a sign of weakness.

Question 26

3 positive consequences of labelling:

Answer 26

Support, shared experience, and treatment.

Question 27

__% of people with diagnosable psychological disorders do not seek treatment.

Answer 27

70.

Question 28

Patients who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals are no more likely to be ___ than normal people in society.

Answer 28

Violent.

Question 29

Label the ___, not the ___.

Answer 29

Disorder, person.

Question 30

Anxiety Disorder

Answer 30

The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature.

Question 31

___ anxiety is normal.

Answer 31

Situational.

Question 32

Significant comorbidity between anxiety and ___.

Answer 32

Depression.

Question 33

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 33

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Question 34

_% of North Americans suffer from GAD.

Answer 34

5.

Question 35

GAD occurs more frequently in ___ economic groups and is twice as common in the ___ gender.

Answer 35

Lower, female.

Question 36

Evidence that GAD is a result of biochemical imbalances.

Answer 36

Some patients respond to drugs, suggesting neurotransmitter imbalances.

Question 37

Evidence that GAD is situational and experiential.

Answer 37

Psychological explanations focus on anxiety provoking situations (such as poverty, violence, and discrimination).

Question 38

Phobic Disorders

Answer 38

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

Question 39

Specific Phobia, and female to male ratio.

Answer 39

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object of situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function. 4:1 (more likely in women).

Question 40

Social Phobia, time of emergence, and the percentage of women and men that qualify for diagnosis.

Answer 40

Involves an irrational fear of being publically humiliated or embarrassed. Emerges from adolescence to 25, and 11% of men and 15% of women qualify.

Question 41

Seligman 1971.

Answer 41

Preparedness Theory.

Question 42

Preparedness Theory

Answer 42

People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears.

Question 43

Example of preparedness theory:

Answer 43

People can be conditioned to fear spiders or snakes, but not flowers or toy rabbits.

Question 44

Panic Disorder

Answer 44

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.

Question 45

Panic Attack

Answer 45

Sudden wave of fear (trembling, nausea, tightening of the chest, heat palpitations, sweating, fear that one is going crazy or about to die).

Question 46

Agoraphobia

Answer 46

An extreme fear of venturing out into public places. Afraid of having a panic attack in a public place.

Question 47

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Answer 47

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts, interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.

Question 48

Medical Model was coined by ___ ___.

Answer 48

R.D. Laing.