Developmental Psychology Pt. 2

Question 1

Jean Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Answer 1

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Question 2

___ and ___ development together equals cognitive development.

Answer 2

Perceptual, motor.

Question 3

Sensorimotor Development

Answer 3

Up to 2 years, lack Object Presence Theory, use schemas, apply assimilation and accomodation.

Question 4

Schemas

Answer 4

Theories about or models the way the world works

Question 5

Schemas can be used to predict and control what will happen in ___ ___.

Answer 5

Novel situations.

Question 6

Schemas lack a theory of ___ ___.

Answer 6

Object presence: things can exist even when they are not visible.

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations (tug the stuffed animal, it comes closer- apply it to ball, food).

Question 8

Accomodation

Answer 8

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information (when you pull on a cat, it will likely not come closer).

Question 9

Piaget’s findings may have been due to a lack of ___ skill, not a lack of ___ ___ Theory.

Answer 9

Motor, Object Presence.

Question 10

Infants who watched the impossible event in the draw bridge experiment…

Answer 10

Stared longer.

Question 11

Preoperational Stage

Answer 11

2-6 years, children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world. However, cannot perform concrete operations (skinny and wide glass with same amount of water).

Question 12

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 12

6-11 years, a stage in which people acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others’ minds.

Question 13

Conservation

Answer 13

The notion that the quantitative poperties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance (glasses of water).

Question 14

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 14

11 years-adulthood, a stage in which people gain a deeper understanding of their own and others’ minds and learn to reason abstractly.

Question 15

In the Formal Operational Stage, people learn that some mental representations have no ___ ___.

Answer 15

Physical referrants. Examples of this include love, liberty, morality.

Question 16

People in the Formal Operational Stage begin to operate on ___ ___.

Answer 16

Nonreferential abstractions.

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers.

Question 18

Theory of Mind:

Answer 18

The idea that human behaviour is guided by mental representations, which give rise to realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently.

Question 19

Autism

Answer 19

Affects 1 in 2500 children. Difficulty communicating and understanding that other people can have false beliefs, belief-based emotions, self unconscious emotions. Intelligent.

Question 20

Piaget was correct, but he thought that the four stages were ___ and that we graduated from one stop to another.

Answer 20

Steplike.

Question 21

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 21

A researcher of cognitive development.

Question 22

Cognitive development is largely the result of:

Answer 22

The hcild’s interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than interaction with objects.

Question 23

Cultural tools such as ___ and ___ systems influence cognitive development.

Answer 23

Language, counting systems.

Question 24

Gordon (2004) found that counting systems do not merely express our ___ ___ ___, they ___ it.

Answer 24

Ability to count, create.

Question 25

Child’s Zone of PRoximal Development

Answer 25

Children at any age can acquire a wide but bounded range of skills.

Question 26

Infants depend upon caregivers for:

Answer 26

Food, safety, warmth, and social contact.

Question 27

Socially isolated infants were ___ and ___ delayed, and 2 out of 5 did not make it.

Answer 27

Physically, cognitively.

Question 28

Monkeys preferred ___ mother over ___ mother.

Answer 28

Soft, food dispensing wire.

Question 29

Lorentz’s Theory

Answer 29

Theorized that the first moving object a hatchling saw was somehow imprinted on its bird brain as “the thing I must always be near”.

Question 30

Bowlby’s Theory

Answer 30

Theorized that infants cannot physically attach themselves to caregiver; rather, they use come hither signals. At 6 months, infants target best responder.

Question 31

Insecurity

Answer 31

Actions that reduce distance.

Question 32

Strange Situation Test

Answer 32

A behavioural test developed by MAry Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style. Staging episodes of abandonment, reunion, and interactions with a stranger between a child and their primary caregiver.

Question 33

4 Results of Strange Situation Test:

Answer 33

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.

Question 34

Secure in Strange Situation

Answer 34

60% of American infants, will explore freely while its caregiver is present, using her as a safe base from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver departs, but is happy to see the caregiver upon her return.

Question 35

Avoidant in Strange Situation

Answer 35

20% of American infants, will avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotions when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is in the room, or if it is empty.

Question 36

Ambivalent in Strange Situation

Answer 36

15% of American infants, almost always shows distress at separation and go to the caregiver upon return. However, they are difficult to console and will rebuff their caregiver’s attempt to calm them.

Question 37

Disorganized in Strange Situation

Answer 37

5% of American Infants, shoes no consistent pattern of responses.

Question 38

Internal Working Model of Attachment

Answer 38

A set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure.

Question 39

Temperaments

Answer 39

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity.

Question 40

3 influences on attachment style:

Answer 40

Temperament (child), responsiveness (primary caregiver), and interaction between the two.

Question 41

Subsequent development is influenced by ___ relationships and ___ achievement.

Answer 41

Social, academic.

Question 42

2 arguments of subsequent development:

Answer 42

Apply working model throughout life, or responsive caregiver causes infant’s attachment and later success.

Question 43

When seeing an otter that runs away with the ball and an otter that returns the ball, the baby picks the…

Answer 43

Otter that returns the ball.

Question 44

Babies look ___ at things they liike, and like those that ___ others.

Answer 44

Longer, help.

Question 45

Babies are less forgiving if harm is ___.

Answer 45

Intentional.

Question 46

Children are ___ in the beginning, and later become ___.

Answer 46

Honest, dishonest.

Question 47

Social cohesion is broken in eastern Asia if ___ lie is not told.

Answer 47

Modesty.