Memory (types of long-term memories) Flashcards
vvWhat did Endel Tulving suggest?
3 different types of long-term memory.
What is a episodic memory?
An episode of a previous experience of when, where and possibly how. Memories of events we have experienced and we have experienced first-hand. Personal experiences for example your holiday or birthday party. It recalls context of the event, specific details and the emotions. Consciously made decisions and therefore are declarative
What is a semantic memory?
Regards: facts, definitions and knowledge. Includes factual information about our own lives. For example your name or the capital of England is London. Semantic memories usually begin as episodic memories as we acquire knowledge based on those personal experiences. But a gradual transition occurs between the two. Consciously made decisions and therefore are declarative.
What is a procedural memory?
A procedural memory is something which is a skill previously learnt and drives an unconscious thought automatically producing something. For example knowing how to drive a car. It regards knowing how to do something not what to do. These kind of memories are usually non-declarative. These memories usually make us less aware of performing these from having very often. Due to these being automatic it allows us to draw attention to other events happening around us.
What are declarative memories?
These are memories we consciously recall out loud. For example episodic and semantic memories.
What are non-declarative memories?
These are memories we don’t consciously recall out load we just perform it. For example a procedural memory of walking or driving a car.
Evidence from brain scans strength -
Evidence from brain scans. Show distinction between the 3 different memory stores.
Episodic memory - is associated with the HIPPOCAMPUS and other parts of the temporal lobe as well as other activity in the frontal lobe.
Semantic memory - is also associated with the TEMPORAL LOBE.
Procedural memories - mostly associated with the CEREBELLUM, linked with fine motor skills as well as the MOTOR CORTEX.
Therefore this demonstrates the idea of Endel Tulving’s idea of different/separate LTM memory types from being in different regions of the brain.
Simplified version of the Endel Tulving’s idea of Separate LTM stores.
Episodic - Hippocampus
Semantic - Temporal lobe
Procedural - Cerebellum and motor cortex
Episodic and Semantic may not be two distinct types of memory limitation -
Researchers (Squire and Zola) found that episodic and semantic may not be two distinct types of memory and may be stored in the same memory store of the temporal lobe where it is stated by Endel Tulving and brain scans that only semantic is stored their and episodic is in the hippocampus. However, Squire and Zola found that when the temporal lobe had impairments it affected both LTM types. It was also found they may be classed in the same store as semantic memories begin as episodic memories. For example when learning something new for the first time you don’t automatically know it but store the event of learning it as a time of when you learnt it (episodic).
