memory: retrieval faliure Flashcards
What is the reason people forget information according to the text?
Retrieval failure due to the absence of cues.
What does retrieval failure mean?
Not being able to access memories that are available.
What is the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)?
A cue must be present at both encoding and retrieval to be helpful.
Who reviewed research into retrieval failure and summarized it in the encoding specificity principle?
Endel Tulving (1983).
What happens if the cues available at encoding and retrieval are different?
There will be some forgetting.
What is an example of a meaningful cue?
The cue ‘STM’ may lead to recalling information about short-term memory.
What is context-dependent forgetting?
Recall depends on external cues, such as weather or place.
What is state-dependent forgetting?
Recall depends on internal cues, such as feeling upset or being drunk.
What was the purpose of Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley’s (1975) study?
To see if training on land helped or hindered deep-sea divers underwater.
What were the four conditions in Godden and Baddeley’s study?
- Learn on land - recall on land.
- Learn underwater - recall on land.
- Learn on land - recall underwater.
- Learn underwater - recall underwater.
What was the finding regarding accurate recall in non-matching conditions?
Accurate recall was 40% lower.
What did Godden and Baddeley conclude from their study?
Different external cues at learning and recall led to retrieval failure.
What physiological effect did the antihistamine drugs have in Carter and Cassaday’s (1998) study?
A mild sedative effect making participants slightly drowsy.
What were the four conditions in Carter and Cassaday’s study?
- Learn on drug - recall when on drug.
- Learn not on drug - recall when on drug.
- Learn on drug - recall when not on drug.
- Learn not on drug - recall when not on drug.
What was the finding regarding performance on the memory test when there was a mismatch of internal state?
Performance was significantly worse.
Fill in the blank: When the cues are absent, such as being drowsy when recalling information, there is more _______.
forgetting.
