cultural variations in attachment Flashcards
Who conducted the study on cultural variations in attachment?
Marinus van Izendoorn and Pieter Kroonenberg
In what year was the study on cultural variations in attachment conducted?
1988
What was the primary aim of van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research?
To assess cultural variation in attachment types across different countries
How many studies did the researchers locate for their meta-analysis?
32 studies
How many countries were involved in the attachment studies analyzed by van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg?
Eight countries
What method was used to investigate attachment types in the studies?
The Strange Situation
What was the total number of children involved in the studies analyzed?
1,990 children
What was the most common attachment classification found across all countries?
Secure attachment
What was the percentage of secure attachment found in Britain?
75%
What was the percentage of secure attachment found in China?
50%
In individualist cultures, what was the rate of insecure-resistant attachment compared to Ainsworth’s original sample?
Under 14%
What was the rate of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist cultures like China, Japan, and Israel?
Above 25%
How much greater were the variations in results within the same country compared to between countries?
150% greater
In one US study, what percentage of securely attached children was found?
46%
In another US study, what was the percentage of securely attached children?
90%
Which study conducted in Italy assessed attachment types in babies?
Alessandra Simonelli et al. (2014)
How many babies were assessed in the Italian study?
76 babies
What percentage of babies in the Italian study were found to be securely attached?
50%
What percentage of babies in the Italian study were classified as insecure-avoidant?
36%
What reason did researchers suggest for the lower secure attachment rates in Italy?
Increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare
boss bitch moms x
Which researcher compared attachment types in Korea to other studies?
Mi Kyoung Jin et al. (2012)
How many babies were assessed in the Korean study?
87 babies
What was the general finding regarding secure and insecure attachment in the Korean study?
Most babies were secure
What was notable about the distribution of insecurely attached babies in Korea?
More were classified as resistant, with only one baby being avoidant
How do child-rearing styles in Japan and Korea relate to attachment types?
They are quite similar, explaining the similarity in attachment distributions
What conclusion supports Bowlby’s idea about attachment?
Secure attachment is the norm in a wide range of cultures
What does the research indicate about the influence of cultural practices?
Cultural practices have an influence on attachment type
What is a strength of research conducted by indigenous psychologists?
It enhances the validity of the data collected due to successful communication between researchers and participants.
Indigenous psychologists share the same cultural background as participants, reducing misunderstandings and biases in cross-cultural research.
What are indigenous psychologists?
Psychologists from the same cultural background as the participants.
Examples include researchers like van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg who included studies by a German team and a Japanese researcher.
What is a potential problem in cross-cultural research?
Bias due to one nation’s stereotypes of another.
This can affect the interpretation of data and the communication between researchers and participants.
What is a counterpoint for cross-cultural research?
Morelli and Tronick (1991) were outsiders from America when they studied child-rearing and patterns of attachment in the Efé of Zaire.
Experienced difficulties in data gathering from different cultured patricipants.
Data may have been affected by bias and difficulty in cross-cultural communication.
What is a limitation of cross-cultural research regarding confounding variables?
Studies often lack matched methodology, leading to confounding results.
Factors like poverty, social class, and environmental variables can affect findings across different countries.
What environmental factor can confound attachment research results?
The size of the room and the availability of interesting toys.
Babies may explore more in small, attractive rooms, affecting classifications of attachment behavior.
What does imposed etic refer to in cross-cultural psychology?
Assuming a technique that works in one cultural context will work in another.
An example is the Strange Situation, where responses may be interpreted differently across cultures.
Give an example of imposed etic in attachment research.
Interpreting lack of affection on reunion in the Strange Situation as avoidant attachment in Britain and the US, but as independence in Germany.
This highlights the cultural context’s impact on behavioral interpretation.
What is the difference between emic and etic in cross-cultural psychology?
Emic refers to cultural uniqueness; etic refers to cross-cultural universality.
These concepts help in understanding cultural differences in psychological research.
True or False: Cross-cultural comparisons of attachment behaviors are always meaningful.
False.
Behaviors measured may not have the same meanings in different cultural contexts.
