cultural variations in attachment Flashcards
What was the main aim of van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research?
To assess cultural variation in attachment types across different countries and within the same cultures.
How many studies did van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg analyze in their research?
32 studies.
What method was primarily used in the studies analyzed by van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg?
The Strange Situation.
How many children were included in the meta-analysis conducted by van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg?
1,990 children.
What was the most common type of attachment found across all countries in the study?
Secure attachment.
What was the range of secure attachment proportions found in the studies?
75% in Britain to 50% in China.
In individualist cultures, what was the rate of insecure-resistant attachment compared to Ainsworth’s original sample?
Similar to Ainsworth’s original sample (all under 14%).
What was noted about the rates of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist cultures?
Rates were above 25%.
What significant finding was observed regarding variations within the same country?
Variations within the same country were 150% greater than those between countries.
What was the range of secure attachment found in the US according to different studies?
46% to 90%.
What were the findings of the Italian study conducted by Alessandra Simonelli et al. (2014)?
50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant.
What reason did researchers suggest for the lower rate of secure attachment in the Italian study?
Mothers of very young children working long hours and using professional childcare.
What was the main finding of the Korean study conducted by Mi Kyoung Jin et al. (2012)?
Most babies were secure, but more were classified as insecurely resistant and only one was avoidant.
How does the distribution of attachment types in Korea compare to Japan?
Similar distribution, with more insecurely attached classified as resistant.
What conclusion can be drawn about secure attachment from the research?
Secure attachment is the norm in a wide range of cultures.
True or False: The research suggests that patterns of attachment types are static.
False.
Fill in the blank: The research supports Bowlby’s idea that attachment is _______.
innate and universal.
What influence do cultural practices have according to the research findings?
They have an influence on attachment type.
What is a strength of research conducted by indigenous psychologists?
It enhances the validity of the data collected due to successful communication between researchers and participants
Indigenous psychologists share the same cultural background as participants, reducing misunderstandings and biases.
Who conducted studies that highlight a limitation in cross-cultural attachment research?
Gilda Morelli and Edward Tronick
They were American researchers studying child-rearing and attachment patterns in the Efé of Zaire.
What are confounding variables in cross-cultural research?
Factors like poverty, social class, urban/rural make-up, and environmental conditions
These variables can impact findings and obscure true cross-cultural patterns of attachment.
What is the impact of room size on attachment behavior studies?
It may affect the classification of children as avoidant
Smaller rooms with attractive toys may lead to more exploration, influencing attachment behavior measurements.
Define ‘imposed etic’ in cross-cultural psychology.
Assuming a concept or technique that works in one culture will work in another
This can lead to misinterpretations of behaviors, such as the Strange Situation’s application across cultures.
What is an example of imposed etic in attachment research?
The interpretation of babies’ lack of affection on reunion in the Strange Situation
In the US and Britain, this may indicate avoidant attachment, while in Germany it may be seen as independence.
What does cross-cultural psychology distinguish between?
Emic (cultural uniqueness) and etic (cross-cultural universality)
These concepts help to understand cultural differences in psychological research.
True or False: Communication difficulties can lead to bias in cross-cultural research.
True
Misunderstandings and stereotypes can affect data collection and interpretation.
What types of sample characteristics can confound results in cross-cultural research?
- Poverty
- Social class
- Urban/rural make-up
- Age of participants
These characteristics vary by country and can skew comparative analyses.
What is a limitation of using non-matched studies in cross-cultural attachment research?
It may not provide valid insights into cross-cultural patterns of attachment
Different methodologies and contexts can lead to misleading conclusions.
What does ‘culture’ refer to?
The norms and values that exist within any group of people.
What are cultural variations?
The differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups.
In attachment research, what is the focus regarding cultural variations?
The differences in the proportion of children of different attachment types.
