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Medieval Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Franks

A

German invaders - Militarily powerful; Important because create largest and most stable empire since fall of Rome

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2
Q

Church in Dark Ages

A

Only organized institution - Provide comfort

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3
Q

Capital of the Franks

A

Aechen (Charlemagne’s reign)

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4
Q

Clovis

A

1st King of the Franks; Unification of various Frankish tribes under 1 ruler; Baptized and covert to Christianity - Gain support from Catholic Church; Forced soldiers to convert

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5
Q

Where is the Catholic Church located?

A

Rome

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6
Q

732 Battle of Tours / Battle of Poitiers

A

Battle between Franks vs Moors/Muslims (Islam); Stopped northward expansion of Islamic rule into Western Europe; Martel built his own professional army and fought the Moors who were advancing into Europe and a threat to Christian kingdoms; Franks won;

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7
Q

Charles Martel

A

Martel = Hammer; Advisor to King; Defender of Christianity; Gains taxes / land from Christians to support his army and fight moors

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8
Q

Moors

A

Spanish Muslims

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9
Q

Charlemagne / Charles the Great

A

One of the King of the Franks; Creates circumstances for cultural rebirth; Introduce education system; 1st time forcing non-Christians to become Christian; Emperor of the Romans; Carolingian Renaissance

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10
Q

Christmas Day 800

A

Day Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope - Saves Pope from German invaders

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11
Q

Carolingian Renaissance

A

Reign of Charlemagne; Books; Monasteries

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12
Q

Carolingian Minister

A

Lowercase Letters invented by Charlemagne

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13
Q

Rhine River

A

Contains half of French, half of Germany - In both countries

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14
Q

Primogeniture

A

Eldest son of the family gets all the land

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15
Q

Feudal System

A

Decentralized political system; Vassals; Loyalty to lord; Political and military system that provide clarity

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16
Q

Vassals

A

People with lower authorities; Lowest vassal is still a noble, knight, and get paid

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17
Q

King

A

Doesn’t do much but is able to make things through different relationships

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18
Q

Queen

A

Who they marry can create powerful alliances to improve their relationship; Make great vassals; Have political relationships

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19
Q

Bishop

A

Church and King’s legitimacy; Settle influences

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20
Q

Knights

A

Attack enemies from behind

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21
Q

Rook

A

Fortress / Manor

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22
Q

Pawns

A

Most numerous; Individually useless; Social mobility is rare to try to move up

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23
Q

Fief

A

Land the lord give to a vassal in the Feudal System - Similar to currency; Real estate; Use land as wealth

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24
Q

Manorialism

A

Economic system of the middle ages; Lord owns a manor - serfdom, freeman, etc.

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25
Q

What is the goal of each manor?

A

Self-sufficiency through agriculture and farming -> Surplus -> Revitalization of towns -> No distance trade

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26
Q

Social mobility in Manorialism

A

No social mobility but get enough land to survive means land security, safety for kids -> Trade opportunity for security;

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27
Q

Serfs

A

Most peasants - A lord owns the right to their labor

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28
Q

Freemans (Other kind of peasants)

A

Have some special demand who can leave freely (Blacksmith, tailors, millers, bakers, etc.)

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29
Q

3 field crop rotation

A

1 Land has wheat; 1 Land has rye; 1 Land is fallow

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30
Q

Transhumance

A

Similar to Carruca; Moving livestock from one place to the other

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31
Q

Moldboard Plow / Carruca

A

Replaces horses’ ankles - Same plow in farming today; More soil

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32
Q

Manor

A

Rural town; Self-sufficient community with surrounding farmland

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33
Q

Hierarchy and Social Mobility in Feudal System

A

King > Barons / Dukes > Earls / Marquis > Knights > Small urban class > Commoners; No social mobility to move up - Very little; Every vassals is a noble and have a fief; Must trust people that you pay fief to; Higher up pay their vassals

34
Q

Chivalry

A

Code of Horsemen

35
Q

Loyalty to one’s lord

A

Entire system is built of the assumption that people can make deals and trust them; Willing to make sacrifices / to fight

36
Q

Prowess

A

Skill in combat; Ability to fight - Exaggerated

37
Q

Spirituality

A

Expect knights to be protect religion; War can be sanctified by the religion

38
Q

Courtesy to Ladies

A

Upper class women; Women want what she wills - opportunity to make their own decisions

39
Q

Legitimacy

A

The right for someone to rule - Acknowledge this person but doesn’t have to agree; People accepting the government

40
Q

Hegemonic / Hegemony

A

Strength of a way of thinking to be so influential that people take it to their hearts and make it their own way of seeing things; People willing to see it their own way - Almost impossible to see it any other way

41
Q

The Catholic Church

A

Highest importance; Provide religion unifying everyone; Most influential institution - Provide service for people (7 Sacraments); Provide every essential service people have - different roles and services; Unifying concept

42
Q

Pope

A

Head of Catholic Church; Prevent Catholic government and Monarch to get caesaropapism; Also a bishop; Successor to Peter

43
Q

Who chose the Pope?

A

The Cardinals / College of Cardinals - Most senior members of the clergy who were mostly bishops

44
Q

Clergy

A

A group of people who are determined by God for religious duties

45
Q

Priests (Bishop can do all 7)

A

Religious leader performing the 7 Sacraments; Lowest priest can still perform most of the sacraments

46
Q

7 Sacraments

A

Every major turning points of life the local priest is guiding them; Gaining trust and making them influential; Among best educated people - Marriage; Communion; Baptism; Last rites / Anointing the Sick; Penance; Confirmation; Holy Orders

47
Q

St.Augustine

A

Merge Christianity with Plato (greek philosophy) and established its core ideas; 2 Worlds (Physical and internal); Philosopher, writer, missionary - Sees the fall of Rome -> Physical word doesn’t matter but people should worry about the world in the next life; Always be a good person

48
Q

Monks

A

Different from priests; Seclude themselves with groups following rules; Importance: Preserve all books / Bibles -> store them -> Europe becomes more literate and take advantage of books

49
Q

Friars

A

Great works of charities; Shelters for the poor; Hospitals

50
Q

Scholasticism

A

A Great Intellectual; About being able to be religious and still think for yourself

51
Q

St.Thomas Aquinas

A

Creates an argument with Catholic so that people can think for themselves - Think rationally for themselves; Writes text on God is real and declaring he can prove it; Take logic from Aristotle and come up with other questions -> Developing society that’s more free thinking

52
Q

Summa Theologica 1274

A

Written by St.Thomas Aquinas; Describe relationship between God and man; Explain how man’s reconciliation with the Divine is made possible at all through Christ

53
Q

Caesaropapism

A

When Monarch becomes too powerful and hijack religion -> Making people follow him rather than Pope; Having both political and religious power

54
Q

Emperor Henry IV (4th)

A

Excommunicated by Gregory VII; Went back on his word and stopped following Gregory

55
Q

Lay investiture

A

Monarchs attempting to take over Catholic Church by appointing their own archbishops / close supporters as Bishops of the Church; Bishops supervises the Pope

56
Q

Pope Gregory VII (7th)

A

Uses excommunication to stop lay investiture; Because the Bishops are supervising the Priests, Gregory uses excommunication on the Monarch

57
Q

Excommunication

A

Excluding someone from the community; That person can’t use any of the Sacraments; Won’t be given Penance = Damnation / Condemned to go to hell

58
Q

Pope Innocent III

A

Places all England into interdict because of King John; No one had any sacraments; Use interdict to collect tithe; 3rd Crusades

59
Q

King John

A

Begs for his forgiveness; Becomes vassal to Innocent III; Owns his loyalty to the Pope; Has to offer military assistance; Receive England back as papal tithe

60
Q

Interdict

A

Mass excommunication in an entire region

61
Q

Tithes

A

Lay people contribute 1/10th of their income for religious purposes

62
Q

Lay people

A

Anyone who is not a bishop or a nun

63
Q

Crusades

64
Q

Pope Urban II

A

Pope who calls the 1st Crusade

65
Q

Reasons for Urban II for calling the Crusades

A

Help Byzantines because the Byzantine empire was falling to the Turks who converted to Islam; Pope is concern because he’d rather have Orthodox Christians than Turkish invaders as neighbors; Stop Byzantine empire from falling by attacking the Holy Land - Byzantine emperor ask for help; Ship knights away -> Peace

66
Q

When is the 1st Crusade called?

67
Q

What caused the fall of Medieval Europe?

A

Institutions that dominated comes to an end

68
Q

Institutions that dominated Medieval Europe

A

Manorialism, Feudalism, and the Catholic Church

69
Q

Casus belli

A

Justifies a war / Cause of war

70
Q

Head of church in Byzantine Empire

A

Patriarch of Constantinople

71
Q

The Great Schism

A

Argument on Icons; Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic; Orthodox: Christianity should have no representation of God - Catholic: Western World needed icons because few people could read

72
Q

Ways that ended Manorialism

A

Black Death

73
Q

Ways that ended Feudalism

A

Manorialism; Middle class took down nobles because monarchs wanted more land back

74
Q

Ways that ended the Catholic Church

75
Q

Extreme unction

A

Last rites

76
Q

100 Year War

A

Joan of Arc; Between French and England

77
Q

Joan of Arc

A

Women; French Patriarch Symbol; Prophet; Becomes a martyr

78
Q

Agincourt

A

English archers annihilate French knights

79
Q

Papacy

A

Rule / Authority of the Pope

80
Q

Papal Supremacy

A

Pope has universal power over the Church

History (33 decks)

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