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History > Gunpowder Empires > Flashcards

Gunpowder Empires Flashcards

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1
Q

Gunpowder Empires

A

Ottomans / Safavids / Mughals - Empires that utilized gunpowder during warfare

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2
Q

What are the similarities between all of the empires?

A

Economic Prosperity (all devoted to arts); Strong armies and used gunpowder in warfare
New technology, art, and view to the outside world
Improved artistic traditions; all Islamic states

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3
Q

What are the differences between all of the empires?

A

Ottomans: Most tolerant empire; Get non-turks to participate in activities
Safavids: Empire that’s the most uninformed and intolerant
Converted everyone to Shia Islam or persecuted non-Muslims
Mughals: Some-what tolerant (depending on the ruler)
At their best when there is a very tolerant government (under Akbar the Great)
Declined when government is intolerant (under Aurangzeb)

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4
Q

Ottomans

A

Located in Anatolia; Religion: Islam; Militarism over other aspects of life; Powerful bands of soldiers; Osman; Emperor Mehmet II; Suleiman I

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5
Q

Osman

A

1st Emperor; Prophet dream / vision; Uses legitimacy with Muhammad to assert authority over rivals of Anatolia

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6
Q

Emperor Mehmet II

A

Conquer territories of Byzantine Empire (Constantinople); Power of strategy and utility of gunpowder in warfare

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7
Q

Suleiman I

A

Greatest extent of the Ottomans (prosperity); Almost succeeded in conquering Europe and destroying Christendom

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8
Q

Dominant Group in the Ottomans

A

Turks / (Sunni) Muslims; Islam + Religious Tolerance:
Accepted Islamic laws; Developed tolerance of other religions in their Empire
Importance: More freedom + safety to worship one’s own religion than any other countries

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9
Q

Militarism

A

Preferring military power and efficiency over other aspects of life

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10
Q

Gazis

A

Tight and powerful raiding bands of Ottomans (to survive against invasions or looted)

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11
Q

Janissaries

A

Elite fighting corp of Ottoman army; Children taken from non-Muslim families and converted to Islam; Raised with sole purpose of serving in the army

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12
Q

Roles of Janissaries

A

Most promising and intelligent / educated ones are close advisors to the sultan; Most Janissaries are in the army / fighting force of the sultan

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13
Q

Sultan

A

Muslim word for Ruler or King

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14
Q

Pashas / Beys

A

Janissaries that showed political promise; Responsible for collecting taxes and maintain peace and stability

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15
Q

Why were the Janissaries important?

A

Success in battle; Chosen to serve the sultan - gave up their entire lives / legally slaves

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16
Q

Why were the Janissaries powerful?

A

With a combination of incomparable training, skilled with a variety of weapons, and the backing of gunpowder-fueled cannons

17
Q

Benefits of the Janissaries

A

Highly privileged in society; Tax privileges, marriage ties, close contact with royal household; Powerful interests with ties

18
Q

Social mobility in the Ottoman

A

Locals can join the Janissaries and elevate their rank; More opportunities opened to them

19
Q

What was the dominant religion in the Ottoman Empire?

A

Islam - Ottomans were muslims who conquered in the name of Islam

20
Q

Religious tolerance in the Ottoman Empire

A

Spirit of Islamic laws; Tolerance of other religions in their empire - Millet system

21
Q

Millet System

A

System used by Ottomans - Legal system that declared each religious community was governed by its own religious laws and courts; Jews and Christians had legal protections to worship in their own faiths - More freedom than other countries at the time

22
Q

Ottoman Art

A

Calligraphy (in images, showing complexed artisanship; (ceramic) Textiles / Rugs / Carpets (with calligraphy or contrast in color); People with round headwear with round accessory on top

23
Q

Safavids

A

Located in Iran / Persia; Capital: Isfahan; Ismail; Shah Abbas I

24
Q

Ismail / Shah of Azerbaijan / Shah of Iran

A

Made everyone Shiite Islam; Founder / Leader of the Safavid Sufi order; Twelve Shia Islam - Family was Sunni; Made Shia Islam the state religion; Converted majority of people (Iranians) to Shia Islam or persecuted non-Muslims

25
Q

Shah Abas I

A

Recaptured Baghdad from the Ottomans (with outside help); Established Isfahan as capital of Safavids

26
Q

Religion

A

Persians; Shia Islam + NO religious tolerance:
Religious unity; Converted most Iranians to Shia Islam; United unorganized elements / people within their territory; Worsened their relationship with Sunni Muslims (Ottomans); Baghdad; Religious unity

27
Q

Art in Safavids

A

Royal families with books (people aka Sufi scholars with round white and long black tips headwear); Textiles / Rugs / Carpets (red, orange, or yellow); Hanged up as tapestry

28
Q

Mughals

A

Located in India; Babur; Akbar (the Great); Jahan Shah; Aurangzeb

29
Q

Babur (the Tiger)

A

Founder; Muslim; 1st to build a Mughal mosque in India (Palace); 1st time cannons are used in battle in India

30
Q

Akbar (the Great)

A

Greatest Ruler; Converted Indians to Islam; Synthesis of Islamic and Hindu culture; Religious toleration
Incorporated Hindus (+ other religious groups) into the bureaucracy aka economic and military systems of the empire; Promoted Art -> Increased creativity, achievement, and cultural production; Believes that “no one religion has absolute authority of beliefs”; Established the military services and combination of bureaucracy and army; Expanded empire across Deccan Plateau

31
Q

Jahan Shah

A

Constructed the famous Taj Mahal (as tribute to his favorite late wife); Monument of love; Design go back to a time of Sufi Saints; Result of Hindu + Muslim synthesis

32
Q

Nanak

A

Guru of Sikhs; Related with Mughals

33
Q

Aurangzeb

A

Worst ruler; Despised religious toleration; Asserted forceful Muslim authority over Indians; Collecting taxes; Destroying sacred Hindu sites; Leaves Mughal Empire vulnerable to European exploration

34
Q

Mir Sayyid Ali

A

Greatest painter in Islamic World / Safavid and Mughal Empires; Painted Miniatures; Artist that was considered radical by Ismail; Fired by Ismail because he depicted humans in paintings; Moved to Mughal, India

35
Q

Religion

A

Muslims (even tho minority is in power); Descended from Turks and Mongols

36
Q

Art in Mughal

A

Lots of details / Connection to India; Sikhism

History (33 decks)

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