Medical Terminology Chapter 4 Flashcards
ankyl/o
stiff joint
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
sac
carp/o
carpus
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
clavicul/o
clavicle
coccyg/o
coccyx
cortic/o
outer layer
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
femor/o
femur
fibul/o
fibula
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
kyph/o
hump
lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebra)
lord/o
bent backward
lumb/o
loin (low back between ribs and pelvis)
mandibul/o
mandible
maxill/o
maxilla
medull/o
inner region
metacarp/o
metacarpus
metatars/o
metatarsus
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
patell/o
patella
pector/o
chest
ped/o
child; foot
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges
pod/o
foot
prosthet/o
addition
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius; ray (x-ray)
sacr/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula
scoli/o
crooked
spin/o
spine
spondyl/o
vertebrae
stern/o
sternum
synovi/o
synovial membrane
synov/o
synovial membrane
tars/o
tarsus
thorac/o
chest
tibi/o
tibia
uln/o
vertebr/o
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
immature
-clasia
to surgically break
-desis
to fuse
-listhesis
slipping
-logic
pertaining to the study of
-porosis
porous
dis-
apart
non-
not
bone marrow
the site of blood cell production
skeleton
framework for the body, protects vital organs and stores minerals
osseous tissue
bones
one of the hardest materials in the body
How are bones formed?
before birth-ossification; cartilage is formed in the fetus; osteoblasts (immature bone cells) gradually replace the cartilage with bone; osteocytes are in a fully adult bone and help to maintain it.
Bone categories
long bones; short bones; flat bones; irregular bones
long bones
longer than they are wide
femur, humerus
short bones
roughly as long as they are wide
carpals, tarsals
Irregular bones
shapes are very irregular
vertebrae
flat bones
usually plate-shaped bones
sternum, scapulae, pelvis
description of long bones (in depth)
These bones have similar structure with a central shaft or diaphysis that widens at each end, which is called epiphysis. Each epiphysis is covered by a layer of cartilage called articular cartilage to prevent the bone from rubbing directly on a bone. The remaining surface is covered with a thin connective tissue membrane called periosteum, which contains numerous blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
articular cartilage
prevents bone from rubbing directly on bone
periosteum
a thin connective tissue membrane covering each bone. It contains numerous blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
cortical or compact bone
dense and hard exterior surface bone
cancellous or spongy bone
found inside the bone. Spongy bone has spaces in it, giving it a spongelike appearance.
red bone marrow
Manufactures most of the blood cells and is found in some parts of all bones.
medullary cavity
the center of the diaphysis contains an open canal which is called the medullary cavity
yellow bone marrow
early in life this cavity also contains red bone marrow, but as we age the red bone marrow of the medullary cavity gradually converts to yellow bone marrow, which consists primarily of fat cells.
process
a general term for any bony projection
head
the head is a large, smooth, ball-shaped end on a long bone. It may be separated from the body or shaft of the bone by a narrow area called the neck.
condyle
refers to a smooth, rounded portion at the end of a bone.
epicondyle
a projection located above or on a condyle
trochanter
refers to a large rough process for the attachment of a muscle
tubercle
a small, rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles
tuberosity
large, rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles
sinus
a hollow cavity within a bone
foramen
smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels
fossa
consists of a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone.
fissure
a slit-type opening
two divisions of the human skeleton
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
includes bones of the head, neck, spine, chest and trunk of the body. These bones form the central axis for the whole body and protect many of the internal organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart.
Head or skull divisions
cranium and facial bones
Cranium bones
the cranium encases the brain and consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones.
Facial bones
the facial bones surround the mouth, nose, and eyes and include the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal and lacrimal bones.
hyboid bone
a single u-shaped bone suspended in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is a point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles.
truck of the body consists of:
vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage
five sections of the vertebral or spinal column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
intervertebral disk
located between each pair of vertebrae from the cervical through the lumbar. Each disk is composed of fibrocartilage to provide a cushion between the vertebrae
Rib cage
12 pairs of ribs attached at the back to the vertebral column. 10 of the pairs are also attached to the sternum in the front. The lowest two pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to the vertebral column. The rib cage serves yo provide support for organs such as the heart and lungs.
Appendicular Skeleton
consists of the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle and lower extremities. These are the bones for our appendages or limbs along with the muscles attached to them, they are responsible for body movement.
Pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula bones
Upper extremities
humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges
Pelvic girdle
also called the os coxae or the innominate bone or hipbone. It contains the ilium, ischium and pubis. It articulates the sacrum posteriorly to attach to the lower extremity, or leg, to the axial skeleton.
lower extremities
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.
Joints
formed when two or more bones meet also an articulation
three types on joints based on the amount of movement allowed between the bones
synovial joints
cartilaginous joints
fibrous joints
Synovial joints
freely moving and enclosed by an elastic joint capsule. The joint capsule is lines with synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
ex: ball and socket joint found at the shoulder and hip. The ball rotating in the socket allows for a wide range of motion. Bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments bind bones together at the joint
bursa
in some synovial joints. A saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lines with synovial membrane. Bursa’s function to reduce friction.
Fibrous joints
allows almost no movement since the ends of the bones are joined by thick fibrous tissue, which may even fuse into solid bone. The sutures of the skull are an example of a fibrous joint.
Cartilaginous joints
allow for slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by a solid piece of cartilage. The pubic symphysis, the point at which the left and right pubic bones meet in the front of the lower abdomen.
erythr/o
red
-centesis
puncture to withdraw fluid
-ectomy
surgical removal
-genic
producing
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-iatry
medical treatment
-itis
inflammation
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
abnormal softening
-metry
process of measuring
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal condition
-otomy
cutting into
-plasty
surgical repair
-scopic
pertaining to visually examining
-scopy
process of visually examining
-stenosis
narrowing
-tome
instrument to cut
anti-
against
bi-
two
ex-
outward
inter-
between
intra-
within
non-
not
per-
through
sub-
under
arthalgia
joint pain
bursistis
inflammation of the bursa
callus
the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during healing
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
crepitation
the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis
ostealgia
bone pain
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
closed fracture
fracture in which there is no open skin wound. Also, called a simple fracture
colles’ fracture
a common type of wrist fracture
comminuted fracture
fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered or crushed into many small pieces or fragments
compound fracture
fracture in which the bone has broken through the skin. Also called an open fracture
compression fracture
fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. It may be the result of trauma, but in older people especially women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis
fracture
a broken bone
greenstick fracture
fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of one is broken and the other side is bent. This type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structure.
impacted fracture
fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to the bone
pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
spiral fracture
fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone. Can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures.
stress fractures
a slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact.
transverse fracture
complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
chondroma
a tumor, usually benign, that forms in cartilage
ewing’s sarcoma
malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum. Removal is the treatment of choice because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs.
exostosis
a bony, outward projection from the surface of a bone; also called a bone spur
myeloma
a tumor that forms in bone marrow tissue
osteochondroma
a tumor, usually benign, that consists of both bone and cartilage tissue
osteogenic sarcoma
the most common type of bone cancer. Usually begins in osteocytes found at the ends of long bones.
osteomalacia
softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of calcium. It is thought to be caused by insufficient sunlight and vitamin D in children
osteopathy
a general term for bone disease
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass producing a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. The bones become more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis.
paget’s disease
a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. It usually attacks middle-aged and older adults and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity.
rickets
deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory spinal condition resembling rheumatoid arthritis and results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. More common in men than in women.
herniated nucleus pulposus
herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk, also called herniated disk or ruptured disk. May require surgery.
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Also known as hunchback or humpback.
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
spina bifida
congenital anomaly occurring when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord.
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves
spondylolisthesis
the forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it
spondylosis
specifically refers to ankylosing of the spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of the vertebral column.
whiplash
cervical muscle and ligament sprain or strain as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck. Can occur as a result of a rear-end auto collision
bunion
inflammation of the bursa of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
osteoarthritis
arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight. Results in bone rubbing against bone. Also called degenerative joint disease
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain and changes int eh cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; considered to be an autoimmune disease.
sprain
damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint or fracture of the bone.
subluxation
an incomplete dislocation, the joint alignment is disrupted, but the ends of the bones remain in contact.
systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis. May be mistaken fro rheumatoid arthritis
talipes
congenital deformity causing misalignment of the ankle joint and foot. Also referred to as a clubfoot.
