Lecture-Chapter 1 Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of structure or form or how things are built
Physiology Overview
the study of the function of body parts or how things work and what they do
Gross Anatomy
working on structures visible to naked eye, can use hands, tools (ex. dissection)
Microscopic Anatomy
using microscope
2 fields: cytology (study of cells); histology (study of tissues)
Surface Anatomy
used in hospital or healthcare settings
surface features (covered in skin)
palpate to find location
Embryology
study of structural changes of conceptus to birth
Disciplines of Anatomy
Gross, microscopic, surface, embryology
Physiology (specific)
focus is mainly on function at molecular and cellular levels of various organ systems
Renal physiology
kidney function
Neurophysiology
nervous system function
Cardiovascular physiology
heart, blood vessels, and blood function
Complementarity of structure and function
If you can figure our how it was built you can start to figure out function.
Anatomy complements physiology and vice versa
Ex: Bones-take them away and you start to see what their function is-structure, support, function, mineral reservoir
Interdependence among cells
cells/organs/organ systems can specialize
Heart is a transport system, but won’t work well if cardiovascular system isn’t working
Multicellular organisms whose cells perform different functions to help each other out, but this creates a dependency
Body’s Levels of organization
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
Chemical
atoms form to combine molecules and macromolecules
most basic or simplest level
Cellular
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Molecules combine to form this unit.
Cell is the first that’s alive
Tissue
groups of similar cells that perform common functions
Epithial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
Types of tissue
Epithial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
Organ
A group of 2 or more tissues forming a specific structure.
Performs a specific function (ex. heart = cardiac cells & connective tissues)
System
2 or more organs working toward a common goal Cardiovascular system (pump & plumbing)
Organism
One complete being
Most complex
Characteristics of Living Things
Necessary life functions, survival needs
Necessary Life functions
maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Maintain boundaries
Keep internal environment separate from external environment.
Insides in and outsides out
Skin/integumentary system - for body
cell/cell membrane - cellular level
Movement
All activities caused by muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth??)
Responsiveness
sensing changes in environment
ex: nervous system - excitable
Digestion
breaking down food into molecules that cells use
digestive system
Metabolism
the sum of ALL chemical reactions of the body (grossly & chemically)
Break down
Build larger
Metabolism break down
take it in & break it down to cellular level
break larger molecules to smaller ones
high metabolism
starch - sugar (glucose) -catabolic process
Catabolic process
breaks it down
Anabolic process
Build larger
Metabolism build larger
low metabolism
amino acids-protein
anabolic process (anabolic steroids - body builders build up muscle)
Excretion
removing wastes from the body
urinary system
kidneys a big part of this
Reproduction
producing offspring
reproductive system
Growth
increase in organ or body size due to increasing cell numbers (not size)
Survival Needs
Nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature, atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
chemicals for fuel (energy) and building blocks for growth or repair
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Carbohydrates
Main fuel (energy) Brain obligate glucose feeder (ketogenic diet starves brain)
Proteins
Growth & repair - building blocks
Fats
storage form of excess energy intake & building blocks
Oxygen
required to “burn” fuel
oxidative reactions
Water
the most abundant substance in the body
50-60% of our weight is h2o (adult range)
Child’s range is higher
Older adult is lower
required for various chemical reactions
dehydration synthesis (anabolic process) & hydrolysis (catabolic process)
Body Temperature
must maintain 37 degrees celsius
Temp too cold
chemical reactions slow down
Temp too hot
initially chemical reactions speed up, if too much proteins denature then they will start to cook insides (heat exhaustion, etc)
