Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Flashcards
alges/o
sense of pain
astr/o
star
centr/o
center
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
clon/o
rapid contracting and relaxing
concuss/o
to shake violently
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
gli/o
glue
medull/o
medulla oblongata
mening/o
meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
peripher/o
away from center
poli/o
gray matter
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (meninges)
tom/o
to cut
ton/o
tone
ventricul/o
ventricle
central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
nervous tissue has two basic types of cells
neuron and neuroglial cells
neurons have three basic parts
dendrites, a nerve cell body and an axon
myelin
fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons so that thy conduct electrical impulses faster. Produced by some neuroglial cells
Explain gray matter and white matter
gray matter-unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies & dendrites.
white matter-myelinated nerve fibers
tracts
bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of the CNS
meninges
membranes that encase and protect the CNS
four sections of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brain stem
cerebrum
largest section of the brain; processes thoughts, judgement, memory, problem solving and language.
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum and composed of folds of gray matter.
gyri
elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions.
sulci
fissures or valleys
hemispheres and lobes of cerebrum
cerebral hemispheres; frontal lobe (motor function, personality, & speech); parietal lobe (receives & interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language); occipital lobe (controls vision); temporal lobe (controls hearing & smell)
diencephalon
below the cerebrum; thalamus & hypothalamus
thalamus
composed of gray matter & acts as a center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, & skin to the cerebrum. Pain perception is controlled here.
hypothalamus
below the thalamus; controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions. It is responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive system & the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
cerebellum
2nd largest, located beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum. Aids in coordinating voluntary body movements, maintaining balance & equilibrium. It refines the muscular movement that is initiated in the cerebrum
3 components of brain stem
midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata
midbrain
acts as a pathway for impulses to be conducted between the brain & the spinal cord
pons
“bridge” connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
medulla oblongata
connects the brain tot he spinal cord. Contains the centers that control respiration, heart rate, temperature, & blood pressure. It’s where the nerves cross over…the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body & vice versa
ascending tracts in the spinal cord
carries sensory information up to the brain
descending tracts
carries motor commands down from the brain to a peripheral nerve
spinal cord
provides a pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain.
Layers of meninges from external to internal
dura mater: “tough mother”; tough fibrous sac around the cns
subdural space: actual space between the dura mater & arachnoid layers
arachnoid layer: “spiderlike”; thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by weblike filaments
subarachnoid space: space between arachnoid & pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain from the outside
pia mater: “soft mother”; innermost layer & applied directly to the surface of the brain & spinal cord
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Efferent or Motor neurons
neurons that carry impulses away from the brain & spinal cord
afferent or sensory neurons
neurons that carry impulses to the brain & spinal cord
Pertaining to the brain
encephalic
pertaining to within the skull
intracranial
intrathecal
pertaining to within the meninges, specifically the subdural or subarachnoid space
subdural
pertaining to under the dura mater
the cerebrum & spinal cord
cerebrospinal
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
cephalalgia
headache
dysphasia
difficulty communicating verbally or in writing due to damage of the speech or language centers in the brain
aura
sensations before a seizure
meningitits
inflammation of the meninges
coma
profound unconsciousness
shingles
Herpes zoster infection
syncope
fainting
palsy
loss of ability to control movement
absence seizure
seizure without convulsion
tonic-clonic seizure
seizure with convulsions
meningocele
congenital hernia of meninges
concussion
mild traumatic brain injury
brain scan
diagnostic image made with radioactive isotopes
lumbar puncture
obtains CSF from around spinal cord
cerebral angiography
x-ray of brain’s blood vessels
EEG
record of brain’s electrical activity
PET scan
image made by measuring gamma rays
nerve block
regional injection of anesthetic
neurorrhaphy
suture together sheath around a nerve
myelogram
x-ray of spinal cord
