Medical Terminology - Chapter 14 Flashcards
cerebell/o
little brain
cephal/o
head
cerebr/o
cerebrum
chrom/o
colour
cran/i
skull
cyt/o
cell
dendr/o
tree
disk/o
a disk
dur/o
dura, hard
electr/o
electricity
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
feeling
fibr/o
fiber
gli/o
glue
hypn/o
sleep
lamin/o
thin plate
later/o
side
lob/o
lobe
mening/i
membrane, meninges
mening/o
membrane, meninges
ment/o
mind
my/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
narc/o
numbness, sleep, stupor
neur/i
nerve
neur/o
nerve
pallid/o
globus pallidus
papill/o
papilla
phe/o
dusky
poli/o
gray
somn/o
sleep
spin/o
a thorn, spine
spondyl/o
vertebra
vag/o
vagus, wandering
ventricul/o
ventricle
carry information from receptors to CNS
sensory nerves
carry information from CNS to effector organs
motor nerves
connect the sensory nerves to the motor nerves
interneuron
ganglion
knot
nerve that supplies the arm is called _________
brachial nerve
responsible for impulse transmission
neurons
glues neurons in place (act as a supporting tissue)
neuroglia
chemical messenger in the nervous system
neurotransmitter
which part of the neuron produces neurotransmitters
cell body
longest nerve in the body
sciatic
Xth cranial nerve, contains sensory and motor nerve cells (mixed nerve)
vagus nerve
which part of the neuron receives information
dendrite
which part of neuron takes info to the cell body / conducts impulses
axon
protects nerve from damage
myelin sheath
motor neurons AKA
efferent processes
sensory nerves AKA
afferent nerves
many axon bundles in the CNS are known as
tract
many axon bundles in the PNS are known as
nerve
nerve fiber
axon
the three membranes that are collectively known as the meninges
dura mater (outer), arachnoid, pia mater (inner)
two interconnected divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
structural and functional units of the nervous system
neurons
conduct impulses from one location to another
nerve fibers and tracts
receives impulses from throughout body, processes the info and responds with appropriate action
central nervous system
governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory and voluntary movements
brain
conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from brain to body parts. reflex centre for impulses entering and leaving spinal cord without involvement of brain
spinal cord
links CNS with other parts of the body
peripheral nervous system
provide sensory input and motor control, or a combination
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
carry impulses to spinal cord and to muscles, organs and glands
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
controls involuntary bodily functions, stimulates adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
autonomic nervous system
what makes up the white matter of neuron
myelin sheaths
a-
lack of
mnes
memory
an-
lack of
-praxia
action
-sthenia
strength
astro-
star-shaped
-taxia
order, coordination
concuss
shaken violently
-ectomy
surgical excision
-tomy
incision
-lexia
diction, word, phrase
-phasia
speak, speech
hemi-
half
-lepsy
seizure
-lemma
a sheath, husk, rind
para-
beside
CT
computerized tomography
AD
Alzheimer’s disease
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CNS
central nervous system
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
EEG
electroencephalogram
HDS
herniated disk syndrome
ICP
intracranial pressure
PET
positron emission tomography
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
TIA
transient ischemic attack
interneurons are also called
central or associative neurons
a single elongated process, the axon of a neuron
nerve fiber
myelinated fibers have an inner sheath of _______ and an outer sheath or neurilemma composed of __________
meylin (a thick, fatty substance), Schwann
nerve fibers of the CNS do not contain _________
Shwann cells
collection of nerve fibers outside the CNS
nerve
group of nerve fibers within CNS
tract
stimulation of a nerve occurs at a _________
receptor
3 membranes that enclose brain are known collectively as the ________
meninges
bulge of the cortex
gyrus
furrow of the cortex
sulcus
brain’s major motor area, site for personality and speech
frontal lobe
(in brain) contains centres for hearing smell and language input
temporal lobe
important part in coordination of voluntary and involuntary complex patterns of movement and adjusts muscles to maintain posture
cerebellum
the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (3)
cushions brain and spinal cord from shocks that could cause injury, helps to support brain, contains neurotransmitters
provides input for hearing and equillibrium
vestibulocochlear nerve (Acoustic/Auditory Nerve)
function of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS
counteract each other to keep body in a state of homeostasis
gap between 2 neurons
synapse
cholinergic neurotransmitter, plays important role in transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junctions
acetylcholine (ACh)
condition in which there is loss or lack of memory
amnesia
muscular weakness, atrophy. with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla and cortex
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also called Lou Gehrig’s disease
congenital condition in which there is a lack of development in the brain (or lack of brain altogether)
anencephaly
loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow
aphagia
loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and to recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living such as dressing or bathing
apraxia
loss or lack of strength
asthenia
literally means loss or lack or order, neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements
ataxia
abnormal slowness of motion
bradykinesia
head pain, headache
cephalalgia
head injury with transient loss of brain function
concussion
concussion may also be called:
mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI) and minor head trauma
surgical excision of portion of the skull
craniectomy
condition in which individual has difficulty reading and comprehending written language
dyslexia
inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infection
encephalitis
chemical substances produced in brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure
endorphins
weakness on one side of the body
hemiparesis
paralysis of one half of the body, on one side of median sagittal plane, stroke is most common cause
hemiplegia
condition in which there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain
hydrocephalus
artificially induced trancelike state resembling somnambulism (sleepwalking)
hypnosis
inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain
meningitis
chronic condition with recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep
narcolepsy
thin membranous sheath that envelops a nerve fiber
neurilemma (also called sheath of Schwann or neurolemma)
supporting or connective tissue cells of the CNS
neuroglia
4 types of neuroglia cells
astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia and ependymal
chemical substance transmitted across a synapse that transmits a signal between two neurons
neurotransmitter
paralysis of the lower part of the body and of both legs
paraplegia
-plegia
stroke, paralysis
-paresis
weakness
progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in part of brain that controls movement.
Parkinson’s disease
Disorder that creates a shortage of the brain signaling chemical (neurotransmitter) known as dopamine
Parkinson’s disease
cromaffin cell tumor of the adrenal medulla or of the sympathetic nervous system
pheochromocytoma
paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine
quadriplegia (also called tetraplegia)
sensory nerve ending that receives and relays responses to stimuli
receptor
death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen
stroke
stroke is also called
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack
temporary interference in the blood supply to the brain
transient ischemic attack or ministroke
temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to the brain
syncope (also called fainting)
pertaining to the sense of touch
tactile
surgical incision of the vagus nerve
vagotomy
relay centre for all sensory impulses
thalmus
composed of fiber tracts linking cerebellum and medulla to higher cortexes
pons
contains nerve centres for regulation and control of breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
diagnostic procedure used to study the structure of the brain. computerized three-dimensional x-ray images allow radiologist to differenciate among intracranial tumors, cysts, edema and hemorrhage
computed tomography (CT)
X-ray of spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye. Useful in diagnosing spinal lesions, cysts, herniated disks, tumors and nerve root damage
myelogram
insertion of a needle into the lumbar subarachnoid space for removal of spinal fluid to examine for colour, pressure, and level of protein, chloride, glucose and leukocytes
lumbar puncture (LP)
computer-based nuclear imaging procedure that can produce three-dimensional picture of actual organ functioning. For locating brain legion, identifying blood flow and O2 metabolism in stroke patients, Alzheimer’s, mental illness
positron emission tomography (PET)
PET
positron emission tomography
Neuralgia that eat debris or dead neurons
Microglia
Neuroglia that is the blood/brain barrier
Astrocytes
Neuroglia that functions in CNS to lay down myelin sheath around axons
Oligodendroglia
