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Medical Terminology > Medical Terminology - Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Medical Terminology - Chapter 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

cerebell/o

A

little brain

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1
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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2
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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3
Q

chrom/o

A

colour

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4
Q

cran/i

A

skull

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5
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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6
Q

dendr/o

A

tree

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7
Q

disk/o

A

a disk

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8
Q

dur/o

A

dura, hard

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9
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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10
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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11
Q

esthesi/o

A

feeling

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12
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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13
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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14
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

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15
Q

lamin/o

A

thin plate

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16
Q

later/o

A

side

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17
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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18
Q

mening/i

A

membrane, meninges

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19
Q

mening/o

A

membrane, meninges

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20
Q

ment/o

A

mind

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21
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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22
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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23
Q

narc/o

A

numbness, sleep, stupor

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24
Q

neur/i

A

nerve

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25
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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26
Q

pallid/o

A

globus pallidus

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27
Q

papill/o

A

papilla

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28
Q

phe/o

A

dusky

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29
Q

poli/o

A

gray

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30
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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31
Q

spin/o

A

a thorn, spine

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32
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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33
Q

vag/o

A

vagus, wandering

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34
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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35
Q

carry information from receptors to CNS

A

sensory nerves

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36
Q

carry information from CNS to effector organs

A

motor nerves

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37
Q

connect the sensory nerves to the motor nerves

A

interneuron

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38
Q

ganglion

A

knot

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39
Q

nerve that supplies the arm is called _________

A

brachial nerve

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40
Q

responsible for impulse transmission

A

neurons

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41
Q

glues neurons in place (act as a supporting tissue)

A

neuroglia

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42
Q

chemical messenger in the nervous system

A

neurotransmitter

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43
Q

which part of the neuron produces neurotransmitters

A

cell body

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44
Q

longest nerve in the body

A

sciatic

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45
Q

Xth cranial nerve, contains sensory and motor nerve cells (mixed nerve)

A

vagus nerve

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46
Q

which part of the neuron receives information

A

dendrite

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47
Q

which part of neuron takes info to the cell body / conducts impulses

A

axon

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48
Q

protects nerve from damage

A

myelin sheath

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49
Q

motor neurons AKA

A

efferent processes

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50
Q

sensory nerves AKA

A

afferent nerves

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51
Q

many axon bundles in the CNS are known as

A

tract

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52
Q

many axon bundles in the PNS are known as

A

nerve

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53
Q

nerve fiber

A

axon

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54
Q

the three membranes that are collectively known as the meninges

A

dura mater (outer), arachnoid, pia mater (inner)

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55
Q

two interconnected divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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56
Q

structural and functional units of the nervous system

A

neurons

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57
Q

conduct impulses from one location to another

A

nerve fibers and tracts

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58
Q

receives impulses from throughout body, processes the info and responds with appropriate action

A

central nervous system

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59
Q

governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory and voluntary movements

A

brain

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60
Q

conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from brain to body parts. reflex centre for impulses entering and leaving spinal cord without involvement of brain

A

spinal cord

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61
Q

links CNS with other parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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62
Q

provide sensory input and motor control, or a combination

A

cranial nerves (12 pairs)

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63
Q

carry impulses to spinal cord and to muscles, organs and glands

A

spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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64
Q

controls involuntary bodily functions, stimulates adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

autonomic nervous system

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65
Q

what makes up the white matter of neuron

A

myelin sheaths

66
Q

a-

A

lack of

67
Q

mnes

A

memory

68
Q

an-

A

lack of

69
Q

-praxia

A

action

70
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

71
Q

astro-

A

star-shaped

72
Q

-taxia

A

order, coordination

73
Q

concuss

A

shaken violently

74
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical excision

75
Q

-tomy

A

incision

76
Q

-lexia

A

diction, word, phrase

77
Q

-phasia

A

speak, speech

78
Q

hemi-

A

half

79
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

80
Q

-lemma

A

a sheath, husk, rind

81
Q

para-

A

beside

82
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography

83
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

84
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

85
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

86
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

88
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

89
Q

HDS

A

herniated disk syndrome

90
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

91
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

92
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement (sleep)

93
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

94
Q

interneurons are also called

A

central or associative neurons

95
Q

a single elongated process, the axon of a neuron

A

nerve fiber

96
Q

myelinated fibers have an inner sheath of _______ and an outer sheath or neurilemma composed of __________

A

meylin (a thick, fatty substance), Schwann

97
Q

nerve fibers of the CNS do not contain _________

A

Shwann cells

98
Q

collection of nerve fibers outside the CNS

A

nerve

99
Q

group of nerve fibers within CNS

A

tract

100
Q

stimulation of a nerve occurs at a _________

A

receptor

101
Q

3 membranes that enclose brain are known collectively as the ________

A

meninges

102
Q

bulge of the cortex

A

gyrus

103
Q

furrow of the cortex

A

sulcus

104
Q

brain’s major motor area, site for personality and speech

A

frontal lobe

105
Q

(in brain) contains centres for hearing smell and language input

A

temporal lobe

106
Q

important part in coordination of voluntary and involuntary complex patterns of movement and adjusts muscles to maintain posture

A

cerebellum

107
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

108
Q

functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (3)

A

cushions brain and spinal cord from shocks that could cause injury, helps to support brain, contains neurotransmitters

109
Q

provides input for hearing and equillibrium

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (Acoustic/Auditory Nerve)

110
Q

function of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS

A

counteract each other to keep body in a state of homeostasis

111
Q

gap between 2 neurons

A

synapse

112
Q

cholinergic neurotransmitter, plays important role in transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junctions

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

113
Q

condition in which there is loss or lack of memory

A

amnesia

114
Q

muscular weakness, atrophy. with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla and cortex

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also called Lou Gehrig’s disease

115
Q

congenital condition in which there is a lack of development in the brain (or lack of brain altogether)

A

anencephaly

116
Q

loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow

A

aphagia

117
Q

loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and to recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living such as dressing or bathing

A

apraxia

118
Q

loss or lack of strength

A

asthenia

119
Q

literally means loss or lack or order, neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements

A

ataxia

120
Q

abnormal slowness of motion

A

bradykinesia

121
Q

head pain, headache

A

cephalalgia

122
Q

head injury with transient loss of brain function

A

concussion

123
Q

concussion may also be called:

A

mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI) and minor head trauma

124
Q

surgical excision of portion of the skull

A

craniectomy

125
Q

condition in which individual has difficulty reading and comprehending written language

A

dyslexia

126
Q

inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infection

A

encephalitis

127
Q

chemical substances produced in brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure

A

endorphins

128
Q

weakness on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

129
Q

paralysis of one half of the body, on one side of median sagittal plane, stroke is most common cause

A

hemiplegia

130
Q

condition in which there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain

A

hydrocephalus

131
Q

artificially induced trancelike state resembling somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

hypnosis

132
Q

inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain

A

meningitis

133
Q

chronic condition with recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep

A

narcolepsy

134
Q

thin membranous sheath that envelops a nerve fiber

A

neurilemma (also called sheath of Schwann or neurolemma)

135
Q

supporting or connective tissue cells of the CNS

A

neuroglia

136
Q

4 types of neuroglia cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia and ependymal

137
Q

chemical substance transmitted across a synapse that transmits a signal between two neurons

A

neurotransmitter

138
Q

paralysis of the lower part of the body and of both legs

A

paraplegia

139
Q

-plegia

A

stroke, paralysis

140
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

141
Q

progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in part of brain that controls movement.

A

Parkinson’s disease

142
Q

Disorder that creates a shortage of the brain signaling chemical (neurotransmitter) known as dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

143
Q

cromaffin cell tumor of the adrenal medulla or of the sympathetic nervous system

A

pheochromocytoma

144
Q

paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine

A

quadriplegia (also called tetraplegia)

145
Q

sensory nerve ending that receives and relays responses to stimuli

A

receptor

146
Q

death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen

A

stroke

147
Q

stroke is also called

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

148
Q

temporary interference in the blood supply to the brain

A

transient ischemic attack or ministroke

149
Q

temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to the brain

A

syncope (also called fainting)

150
Q

pertaining to the sense of touch

A

tactile

151
Q

surgical incision of the vagus nerve

A

vagotomy

152
Q

relay centre for all sensory impulses

A

thalmus

153
Q

composed of fiber tracts linking cerebellum and medulla to higher cortexes

A

pons

154
Q

contains nerve centres for regulation and control of breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat and blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

155
Q

diagnostic procedure used to study the structure of the brain. computerized three-dimensional x-ray images allow radiologist to differenciate among intracranial tumors, cysts, edema and hemorrhage

A

computed tomography (CT)

156
Q

X-ray of spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye. Useful in diagnosing spinal lesions, cysts, herniated disks, tumors and nerve root damage

A

myelogram

157
Q

insertion of a needle into the lumbar subarachnoid space for removal of spinal fluid to examine for colour, pressure, and level of protein, chloride, glucose and leukocytes

A

lumbar puncture (LP)

158
Q

computer-based nuclear imaging procedure that can produce three-dimensional picture of actual organ functioning. For locating brain legion, identifying blood flow and O2 metabolism in stroke patients, Alzheimer’s, mental illness

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

159
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

160
Q

Neuralgia that eat debris or dead neurons

A

Microglia

161
Q

Neuroglia that is the blood/brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

162
Q

Neuroglia that functions in CNS to lay down myelin sheath around axons

A

Oligodendroglia

Medical Terminology (24 decks)

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