Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine - Year 1 > Medical Research > Flashcards

Medical Research Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘study’

A

Scientific process of answering a question using data from a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What constitutes evidence-based medicine?

A
  1. Evidence
  2. Patient values and preferences
  3. Physician judgement and experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a) Describe the hiearchy of evidence from top to bottom
b) Why is it used?

A

a) 1. Systematic reviws
2. Randomized controlled trials
3. Cohort studies
4. Case-control studies
5. Case series, case reports
6. Editorials, Expert Opinion
b) There are different qualities of evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define null hypothesis

A

No difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define p values

A

A statsitical measure that indicates whether an effect is statistically significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define confidence intervals

A

A range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence

  • Confidence intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or certainty in a sampling method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define clinical significance

A

Assesses whether the size of the effect is big enough to justify the investment required to implement the intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a) Define numer needed to treat (NNT)
b) Why is this important?

A

a) The number of people need to receive an intervention for you to see one person with the desired outcome
b) This important information can help you decide which intervention will deliver the greatest impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define ‘Number needed to harm (NNH)’

A

The number of individuals who must be treated so that one individual presents an adverse reaction accountable to the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define ‘relative risk’

A

The number of individuals who must be treated so that one individual presents an adverse reaction accountable to the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

The use of data of included studies to produce a combined analysis and single summary result. This is presented in a forest plot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

A structured view that systematically reviews the literature surrounding a research question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the stages of a systematic review

A
  1. Define research/review question
  2. Develop review protocol
  3. Identify relevant studies
  4. Assess eligibility
  5. Data extraction/checking
  6. Study assessment/appraisal
  7. Synthesis
  8. Knowledge translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a) What does table 1 illustrate?
b) What is included in table1?
https: //learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5f47a5775541f/4492153?X-Blackboard-Expiration=1637625600000&X-Blackboard-Signature=699uirVqk0paIlxuyDpx7%2FPp9U4CzfrTEozrsI8lejs%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=131628&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27SR_MA%25281%2529.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDk%2BIQZNCBuFQUzYRQoMid7ptpdhxWYPgsCiGqHGgfYKwIgCLIram40tcD6ZJQ%2BxUiO65vcGb4D7LJXHqEyObh54JkqgAQIMhACGgw2MzU1Njc5MjQxODMiDFJPbbJfHHPk74KsWCrdA%2FvMz6iUG75nJkbWgAAtTAnGVJmsR0nL19slHqrgVsmO2SIL96Bu0XQ0CL3W1sP4A8%2FMwTh%2FREJNsXZm3iu6OFjWIlmgvhyOx5y%2BJ8OFUAiATQAL1FWM556fhM6bZH2o5NMTJtbMvY%2B8UXib89MueQjYPM2vhzeCLSiN%2FU3nk5z6mnU2503JDb2AMWuIj51hnpcQJSjjl668lPEucVfEdHgAj6vnCCJVvJRjMmWKHigsSR0ezHaZkqP%2F8rxCT3aihaXpgccEQPofk7JiUijUj6mekjxpncjmCBM0Xo3fe4fviarBeP8R339Hd4MqFA5LluxZH6dWjVHKBLS1zqoa%2Bt5CgWkxfyB0hnX4CBotcMSc%2BsBualmPmtz3xti0MYRZhaiQLK4os%2BzU11MG8ss3P0ai%2B%2F4PpI4mTEkdl030SSnKxwPjk0QaSSOoNe%2BJEAr4MlqLrzcbZA2bWCY3yE4fpAnaXL0Vd7hD3NBfdFNavBIcVboxtbHIPtoOjy7eEM5prkg23aCvka474em7axdW06i9vaCjpVBg8%2FJFZyDfnjPxaRCxOw256iUHTKt%2F%2FqbyrdHn85Ch%2BS43B4903DxBdTth2o34JaJd%2FsI3vEFspVAKL5S3y7CN3k1KoQnXdDD%2Bne%2BMBjqlAdrCApF6q8GQQMyUEVh48%2B%2BvHZ1mupmtoimpsoRFVLPhTgWXSK%2Bg7i0q6yuAVFs1QHPO31%2BiMi%2BMfEC1uHbzb%2FWJAV8kYTncmxTXp%2BENSgmPz4G73o7hpC%2F3yRNsB23srfxP0Tqoj8FGXGgjASzQkqapE6dZycdgDxov4pShim85IcuMgLrYZCZGXOuc0zeN2cCrG20Y1S7oTeunF%2BLrkpHEIDtZ4Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211122T180000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAZH6WM4PLZ3I6XJ7R%2F20211122%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=336d549c822f0939d30d1ff0ad7d8cfaa20eb0ff3ea263c18ab773c2b790be01

A

a) Illustrates the data extraction for each included study
b) Author lists study outcomes, results and the risk of bias that were relating to what statistical adjustment were made in each study to take account of confounding factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a) What does meta-analysis A summarise?
b) What does the odds ratio in meta-analysis A tell us?
https: //learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5f47a5775541f/4492153?X-Blackboard-Expiration=1637625600000&X-Blackboard-Signature=699uirVqk0paIlxuyDpx7%2FPp9U4CzfrTEozrsI8lejs%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=131628&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27SR_MA%25281%2529.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDk%2BIQZNCBuFQUzYRQoMid7ptpdhxWYPgsCiGqHGgfYKwIgCLIram40tcD6ZJQ%2BxUiO65vcGb4D7LJXHqEyObh54JkqgAQIMhACGgw2MzU1Njc5MjQxODMiDFJPbbJfHHPk74KsWCrdA%2FvMz6iUG75nJkbWgAAtTAnGVJmsR0nL19slHqrgVsmO2SIL96Bu0XQ0CL3W1sP4A8%2FMwTh%2FREJNsXZm3iu6OFjWIlmgvhyOx5y%2BJ8OFUAiATQAL1FWM556fhM6bZH2o5NMTJtbMvY%2B8UXib89MueQjYPM2vhzeCLSiN%2FU3nk5z6mnU2503JDb2AMWuIj51hnpcQJSjjl668lPEucVfEdHgAj6vnCCJVvJRjMmWKHigsSR0ezHaZkqP%2F8rxCT3aihaXpgccEQPofk7JiUijUj6mekjxpncjmCBM0Xo3fe4fviarBeP8R339Hd4MqFA5LluxZH6dWjVHKBLS1zqoa%2Bt5CgWkxfyB0hnX4CBotcMSc%2BsBualmPmtz3xti0MYRZhaiQLK4os%2BzU11MG8ss3P0ai%2B%2F4PpI4mTEkdl030SSnKxwPjk0QaSSOoNe%2BJEAr4MlqLrzcbZA2bWCY3yE4fpAnaXL0Vd7hD3NBfdFNavBIcVboxtbHIPtoOjy7eEM5prkg23aCvka474em7axdW06i9vaCjpVBg8%2FJFZyDfnjPxaRCxOw256iUHTKt%2F%2FqbyrdHn85Ch%2BS43B4903DxBdTth2o34JaJd%2FsI3vEFspVAKL5S3y7CN3k1KoQnXdDD%2Bne%2BMBjqlAdrCApF6q8GQQMyUEVh48%2B%2BvHZ1mupmtoimpsoRFVLPhTgWXSK%2Bg7i0q6yuAVFs1QHPO31%2BiMi%2BMfEC1uHbzb%2FWJAV8kYTncmxTXp%2BENSgmPz4G73o7hpC%2F3yRNsB23srfxP0Tqoj8FGXGgjASzQkqapE6dZycdgDxov4pShim85IcuMgLrYZCZGXOuc0zeN2cCrG20Y1S7oTeunF%2BLrkpHEIDtZ4Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211122T180000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAZH6WM4PLZ3I6XJ7R%2F20211122%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=336d549c822f0939d30d1ff0ad7d8cfaa20eb0ff3ea263c18ab773c2b790be01

A

a) Summarises the data behind those being a predictor for dementia
b) Odds ratio is 1.68 with a confidence interval: 1.45 to 1.95. There is a nearly 70% increased risk of dementia in those with hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the PRISMA flow diagram illustrate?

https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5f47a5775541f/4492153?X-Blackboard-Expiration=1637625600000&X-Blackboard-Signature=699uirVqk0paIlxuyDpx7%2FPp9U4CzfrTEozrsI8lejs%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=131628&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27SR_MA%25281%2529.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDk%2BIQZNCBuFQUzYRQoMid7ptpdhxWYPgsCiGqHGgfYKwIgCLIram40tcD6ZJQ%2BxUiO65vcGb4D7LJXHqEyObh54JkqgAQIMhACGgw2MzU1Njc5MjQxODMiDFJPbbJfHHPk74KsWCrdA%2FvMz6iUG75nJkbWgAAtTAnGVJmsR0nL19slHqrgVsmO2SIL96Bu0XQ0CL3W1sP4A8%2FMwTh%2FREJNsXZm3iu6OFjWIlmgvhyOx5y%2BJ8OFUAiATQAL1FWM556fhM6bZH2o5NMTJtbMvY%2B8UXib89MueQjYPM2vhzeCLSiN%2FU3nk5z6mnU2503JDb2AMWuIj51hnpcQJSjjl668lPEucVfEdHgAj6vnCCJVvJRjMmWKHigsSR0ezHaZkqP%2F8rxCT3aihaXpgccEQPofk7JiUijUj6mekjxpncjmCBM0Xo3fe4fviarBeP8R339Hd4MqFA5LluxZH6dWjVHKBLS1zqoa%2Bt5CgWkxfyB0hnX4CBotcMSc%2BsBualmPmtz3xti0MYRZhaiQLK4os%2BzU11MG8ss3P0ai%2B%2F4PpI4mTEkdl030SSnKxwPjk0QaSSOoNe%2BJEAr4MlqLrzcbZA2bWCY3yE4fpAnaXL0Vd7hD3NBfdFNavBIcVboxtbHIPtoOjy7eEM5prkg23aCvka474em7axdW06i9vaCjpVBg8%2FJFZyDfnjPxaRCxOw256iUHTKt%2F%2FqbyrdHn85Ch%2BS43B4903DxBdTth2o34JaJd%2FsI3vEFspVAKL5S3y7CN3k1KoQnXdDD%2Bne%2BMBjqlAdrCApF6q8GQQMyUEVh48%2B%2BvHZ1mupmtoimpsoRFVLPhTgWXSK%2Bg7i0q6yuAVFs1QHPO31%2BiMi%2BMfEC1uHbzb%2FWJAV8kYTncmxTXp%2BENSgmPz4G73o7hpC%2F3yRNsB23srfxP0Tqoj8FGXGgjASzQkqapE6dZycdgDxov4pShim85IcuMgLrYZCZGXOuc0zeN2cCrG20Y1S7oTeunF%2BLrkpHEIDtZ4Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211122T180000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAZH6WM4PLZ3I6XJ7R%2F20211122%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=336d549c822f0939d30d1ff0ad7d8cfaa20eb0ff3ea263c18ab773c2b790be01

A

It illustrates the process of how many studies were originally identified in the search down to the final included studies

17
Q

a) What does forest plot B summarise?
b) What does the odds ratio in meta-anaysis B tell us?
https: //learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5f47a5775541f/4492153?X-Blackboard-Expiration=1637625600000&X-Blackboard-Signature=699uirVqk0paIlxuyDpx7%2FPp9U4CzfrTEozrsI8lejs%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=131628&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27SR_MA%25281%2529.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDk%2BIQZNCBuFQUzYRQoMid7ptpdhxWYPgsCiGqHGgfYKwIgCLIram40tcD6ZJQ%2BxUiO65vcGb4D7LJXHqEyObh54JkqgAQIMhACGgw2MzU1Njc5MjQxODMiDFJPbbJfHHPk74KsWCrdA%2FvMz6iUG75nJkbWgAAtTAnGVJmsR0nL19slHqrgVsmO2SIL96Bu0XQ0CL3W1sP4A8%2FMwTh%2FREJNsXZm3iu6OFjWIlmgvhyOx5y%2BJ8OFUAiATQAL1FWM556fhM6bZH2o5NMTJtbMvY%2B8UXib89MueQjYPM2vhzeCLSiN%2FU3nk5z6mnU2503JDb2AMWuIj51hnpcQJSjjl668lPEucVfEdHgAj6vnCCJVvJRjMmWKHigsSR0ezHaZkqP%2F8rxCT3aihaXpgccEQPofk7JiUijUj6mekjxpncjmCBM0Xo3fe4fviarBeP8R339Hd4MqFA5LluxZH6dWjVHKBLS1zqoa%2Bt5CgWkxfyB0hnX4CBotcMSc%2BsBualmPmtz3xti0MYRZhaiQLK4os%2BzU11MG8ss3P0ai%2B%2F4PpI4mTEkdl030SSnKxwPjk0QaSSOoNe%2BJEAr4MlqLrzcbZA2bWCY3yE4fpAnaXL0Vd7hD3NBfdFNavBIcVboxtbHIPtoOjy7eEM5prkg23aCvka474em7axdW06i9vaCjpVBg8%2FJFZyDfnjPxaRCxOw256iUHTKt%2F%2FqbyrdHn85Ch%2BS43B4903DxBdTth2o34JaJd%2FsI3vEFspVAKL5S3y7CN3k1KoQnXdDD%2Bne%2BMBjqlAdrCApF6q8GQQMyUEVh48%2B%2BvHZ1mupmtoimpsoRFVLPhTgWXSK%2Bg7i0q6yuAVFs1QHPO31%2BiMi%2BMfEC1uHbzb%2FWJAV8kYTncmxTXp%2BENSgmPz4G73o7hpC%2F3yRNsB23srfxP0Tqoj8FGXGgjASzQkqapE6dZycdgDxov4pShim85IcuMgLrYZCZGXOuc0zeN2cCrG20Y1S7oTeunF%2BLrkpHEIDtZ4Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211122T180000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAZH6WM4PLZ3I6XJ7R%2F20211122%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=336d549c822f0939d30d1ff0ad7d8cfaa20eb0ff3ea263c18ab773c2b790be01

A

a) Summarises the relationship of dementia being a predictor for hypoglycaemia
b) Odds ratio is 1.61 with a confidence interval of 1.25 to 1.06. There is just over 60% increased risk of those with dementia having hypoglycaemia

19
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

The observation of large numbers over a long period of time (commonly years) with comparison of disease incidence rates in groups that differ by exposure levels’

20
Q

Describe the two types of cohort studies?

A
  1. Prospective cohort study
    - Usual approach
  2. Historical cohort study
    - Date on exposure in the past
    - Date on incidence of disease following
21
Q

a) List the strengths of a cohort study
b) List the limitations of a cohort study

A

a) Useful when an RCT cannot take place due to it being unethical

b)

  • Length of follow-up depends on disease and cohort size
  • Loss of individuals from study: migration and withdrawal of cooperation – need to test for bias
  • Changing criteria for diagnosis over the follow-up period?

Medicine - Year 1 (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions