Medical Research Flashcards
Define ‘study’
Scientific process of answering a question using data from a population
What constitutes evidence-based medicine?
- Evidence
- Patient values and preferences
- Physician judgement and experience
a) Describe the hiearchy of evidence from top to bottom
b) Why is it used?
a) 1. Systematic reviws
2. Randomized controlled trials
3. Cohort studies
4. Case-control studies
5. Case series, case reports
6. Editorials, Expert Opinion
b) There are different qualities of evidence
Define null hypothesis
No difference
Define p values
A statsitical measure that indicates whether an effect is statistically significant
Define confidence intervals
A range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence
- Confidence intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or certainty in a sampling method
Define clinical significance
Assesses whether the size of the effect is big enough to justify the investment required to implement the intervention
a) Define numer needed to treat (NNT)
b) Why is this important?
a) The number of people need to receive an intervention for you to see one person with the desired outcome
b) This important information can help you decide which intervention will deliver the greatest impact.
Define ‘Number needed to harm (NNH)’
The number of individuals who must be treated so that one individual presents an adverse reaction accountable to the treatment
Define ‘relative risk’
The number of individuals who must be treated so that one individual presents an adverse reaction accountable to the treatment
What is a meta-analysis?
The use of data of included studies to produce a combined analysis and single summary result. This is presented in a forest plot.
What is a systematic review?
A structured view that systematically reviews the literature surrounding a research question
Describe the stages of a systematic review
- Define research/review question
- Develop review protocol
- Identify relevant studies
- Assess eligibility
- Data extraction/checking
- Study assessment/appraisal
- Synthesis
- Knowledge translation
a) What does table 1 illustrate?
b) What is included in table1?
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a) Illustrates the data extraction for each included study
b) Author lists study outcomes, results and the risk of bias that were relating to what statistical adjustment were made in each study to take account of confounding factors
a) What does meta-analysis A summarise?
b) What does the odds ratio in meta-analysis A tell us?
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a) Summarises the data behind those being a predictor for dementia
b) Odds ratio is 1.68 with a confidence interval: 1.45 to 1.95. There is a nearly 70% increased risk of dementia in those with hypoglycaemia
What is a cohort study?
The observation of large numbers over a long period of time (commonly years) with comparison of disease incidence rates in groups that differ by exposure levels’
