Infection and immunity - Microbiology Flashcards
List 4 organisms which causes infections commonly present to primary care
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus
- E.coli
- Norovirus
Describe the diagnostic modalities availabe in primary care for the diagnosis of infection
- FBC - urea and electrolyes, LFTs, ESR and CRP, Blood glucose, CPK levels
- Urinalysis
- Respiratory rate
- Pulse - pulse oximeter
- Temperature - thermometer
Explain the utility of antibiotics in bacterial and viral infections
Antibiotics are useful in bacterial infections as the antibiotics can exploit the difference in the structure and metabolism of the bacteria
Antibiotics are not useful in viral infections because viruses use a host cell
Describe the 5 actions that antibiotics have on bacteria
- Inhibiton of cell wall synthesis
- Inhibiton of protein synthesis
- Inhibition of nuclei acid replication ad transcription
- Injury to plasma membrane
- Inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites
List the main presentations of an infection
- Fever
- Chills and sweats
- Change in cough or new cough
- Sore throat or mouth sore
- Shortness of breath
- Nasal congestion
- Stiff neck
- Dysuria
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Increaed urination
- Pain in the abdomen or rectum
- Redness, soreness or rectum
List the 4 localised signs of infection
- Rubor (redness)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
a) What are skin and soft tissue infections mainly caused by?
b) Wha is secondary/related skin infection usually due to?
a) Streptococcus and staphylococcus
b) Due to poor antiseptic techniques
List the common head and neck infections
- Pink eye
- Oral candidiasis (thrush) - yeast and treated with antifugal
- Stomatatis (inflamed and sore mouth)
- Tonsilitis - bacterial and treated with antibiotics
What types of organisms are most respiratory infections caused by?
Viral
a) Who does streptococcus progenes throat infection usuallly effect?
b) Why is important to diagnose streptococcus pyrogenes infection?
b) What are the complications of strep.pyrogenes infection
a) 5 to 10 year olds
b) Important to diagnose Strep. pyogenes infection because of the possible complications
c) Quinsy ( peritonsillar abscess,- the abscess forms between one of your tonsils and the wall of your throat), scarlet fever and rarely rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease and glomerulonephritis (damage to the tiny filters inside your kidneys - the glomeruli).
State whether these condions are cause by bacteria/viruse/both and whether antibiotics are needed
a) Strep throat
b) Whooping cough
c) UTI
d) Middle ear infection
e) Bronchitis/chest cold (in othwersise healthy children and adults)
f) Common cold/runny nose
g) Sore throat (except strep)
h) Flu
a) What is pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) usually caused by in the winter and in the summer
b) Which or more severe pneumonia/LRTI or URTI?
c) Describe the symptoms of pneumonia/LRTI
a) Winter - viruses and summer - bacteria
b) pneumonia/LTRI are more severe than UTRI
c)
- Fever, sweating and/or chills
- Cough, often severe, that produces phlegm
- SOB
- Nausea and vomiting
- Muscle aches
- Chest pain
- Wheezing
- Rapid breathing
- Rapid heartbeat
Why are different procedures taken for hospital required pnuemonia and for community required pneumoia?
Hospital required and community required pnuemonia have different bacterias involved so therefore different procedures are undertaken
What is the term when bacteria infecting the urinary tract invades the blood stream
Septicaemia
What are the symptoms of a UTI?
- Dysuria
- Nocturia
- Urgency
- Frequency of mictrution (action of urinating)
What are the 8 signs of bacterial endocarditis?
F - fever
R - roth spot
O - osler nodes
M - murmer
J - janeway lesions
A - anaemia
N - nailbed haemorrhage
E - emboli
