MCQ CHAPTER 17 The Special Senses Flashcards by Brianna Milley

1) Olfactory epithelium is found
a) throughout the nasal cavity.
b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
d) from the vestibule to the pharynx.
e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

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2) _____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction.
a) Olfactory cilia
b) Supporting cells
c) Basal stem cells
d) Bowman’s glands
e) Gustatory receptor cells

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4) In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the _________. The axons project to the _________.
a) olfactory tract; thalamus and cerebral cortex
b) olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system
c) olfactory bulbs; thalamus and cerebral cortex
d) olfactory bulbs; temporal lobe and cerebral cortex
e) glomeruli; cerebral cortex and limbic system.

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7) Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?
a) Vallate
b) Fungiform
c) Foliate
d) Filiform
e) Circumvallate

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9) After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. Vasculature in what area is congested and dilated?
a) cornea
b) lacrimal puncta
c) palpebral conjunctiva
d) bulbar conjunctiva
e) retina

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11) Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved?
a) Palpebral fissure
b) Conjunctiva
c) Lateral commissure
d) Cornea
e) Choroid

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12) Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in
a) bloodshot eyes.
b) inhibition of tear production.
c) a sty.
d) glaucoma.
e) blindness.

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14) Place the flow of tears in the correct order.
1. lacrimal gland
2. lacrimal sac
3. lacrimal duct
4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal
5. nasolacrimal duct
6. nasal cavity

a) 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
b) 2, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6
c) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6
d) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6
e) 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 4

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15) How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?
a) 10
b) 12
c) 6
d) 4
e) 20

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16) Which is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?
a) Retina
b) Choroid
c) Sclera
d) Ciliary body
e) Cornea

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17) The ______ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil.
a) retina
b) cornea
c) iris
d) lens
e) fovea centralis

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18) ______are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens.
a) Collagen
b) Ciliary bodies
c) Crystallins
d) Elastin
e) Keratin

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19) What lies between the lens and the retina?
a) Vitreous chamber
b) Anterior chamber
c) Anterior cavity
d) Cornea
e) Aqueous humor

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22) ______ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions.
a) Basal cell
b) Rods
c) Cones
d) Ganglion
e) Amacrine cell

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23) The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is
a) activation of amacrine cells.
b) absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
c) interruption of the dark current.
d) absorption of light by photopigments.
e) generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

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24) Light enters the retina through the layers of neural retina in this order ______; however information is processed through this order _______ in the retina
1. Photoreceptor cell layer
2. Bipolar cell layer
3. Inner synaptic layer
4. Outer synaptic layer
5. Ganglion cell layer
a) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 / 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
b) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 / 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
c) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 / 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
d) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 / 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
e) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 / 1, 2, 5, 4, 3

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25) What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike?
a) cochlea
b) pinna
c) tympanic membrane
d) spiral organ
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

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27) Place the events of sound transduction in order.
1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs
2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter
3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open
4. stereocilia of hair cells bend
5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons
6. Cations entering cause depolarization
a) 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4
b) 2, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5
c) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
d) 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
e) 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

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28) Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the
a) cochlea.
b) semicircular canals.
c) vestibule.
d) spiral organ.
e) utricle and saccule.

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29) Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami can be detected on which tastebud in the diagram?
a)A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) A and B
f) A, B and C
g) A, B, C, and D

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30) ___________are the thin protective mucous membranes composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells.
a) bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva
b) palpebral conjunctiva and cornea
c) scleral venous sinus and bulbar conjunctiva
d) cornea and scleral venous sinus
e) tarsal glands and palpebral conjunctiva

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31) In the diagram, which is a modified sebaceous gland that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other ?
a) D
b) E
c) F
d) G
e) C

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32) The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______.
a) ciliary processes; ciliary muscle
b) ciliary muscle; zonular fibers
c) suspensory ligaments; zonular fibers
d) zonular fibers; ciliary muscles
e) ora seratta; suspensory ligaments

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34) In the diagram what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts?
a) F
b) E
c) D
d)A
e) H

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35) Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot? a) Rods and cones are inactive in that area. b) There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods. c) The macula degenerated over the optic disc d) The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells. e) layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area.

36) Ciliary bodies are composed of a) striated muscle. b) cardiac muscle c) skeletal muscle d) radial smooth muscle e) circular smooth muscle

37) In the diagram which area contains only cones? a)A b) B c) C d) G e) H

38) In the retina diagram, where is the bipolar cell layer? a)A b) B c) C d) D

39) Cones and rods synapse with bipolar cells in the ______ layer. a) ganglion cell b) inner synaptic c) bipolar cell d) outer synaptic e) amacrine cell

40) An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram? a)A b) B c) C d) D e) E

41) An uncorrected myopic eye is seen in which diagram? a)A b) B c) C d) D e) E

42) Which labeled step(s) represents cis-retinal binding to opsin, regenerating a photopigment that is functional? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) Both 1 and 3

43) Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed a) isomerization b) conversion c) regeneration d) bleaching e) transition

44) In this diagram which structure composed of bone and cartilage, helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) H

45) What parts of the nervous system receive information from structure E in the diagram? Select all that apply. a) thalamus b) abducens c) trochlear d) hypothalamus e) optic nerve f) vestibulospinal tract g) oculomotor h) trigeminal i) accessory j) medulla oblongata k) pons l) cerebellum

Answer: abcfgijkl

46) Identify the malleus, incus, and stapes in the diagram. a) A, B, C b) A, C, G c) A, B, J d) J, C, G e) C, D, G

47) Which structures contain endolymph? a) saccule, utricle and cochlear duct b) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and bony labyrinth c) membranous and bony labyrinth d) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and cochlear duct e) cochlear duct, vestibule and semicircular canals

53) The second-order neurons of the olfactory pathway are located in which region of the diagram? a)A b) B c) C d) K e) I

54) Which structure in this diagram produces the material that dissolves odorants so transduction can occur? a) C b) D c) F d) G e) I

55) What cranial nerves are associated with olfactory glands? Select all that apply. a) olfactory b) trigeminal c) facial d) oculomotor e) glossopharyngeal

A C

56) Which cells are part of the olfactory epithelium? Select all that apply. a) supporting cells b) mitral cells c) glomeruli d) basal cell e) olfactory receptor cells f) olfactory nerve g) nasal conchae

A D E

57) Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram? a) E b) B c) C d) D e) G

58) Which cell in the diagram is replaced every 10 days? a) F b) H c) D d) C e) G

66) Presbycusis refers to age-associated a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear. b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears. c) progressive loss of vision. d) otitis media. e) vertigo.

67) Cataract leads to blindness due to a) loss of transparency of the lens. b) a high intraocular pressure. c) photophobia. d) scotoma. e) trachoma.

68) Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina? a) cGMP b) opsin portion of rhodopsin c) cis-retinal d) melanin e) retinal isomerase

69) Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization. b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell. d) No changes in the membrane potential occur. e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

70) The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the a) optic disk. b) optic chiasm. c) visual cortex of cerebrum. d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

71) Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left? a) macula of the saccule b) macule of the utricle c) crista of the horizontal semicircular duct d) spiral organ e) crista of the posterior semicircular duct

72) Which structures are associated with equilibrium? Select all that apply. a) vestibule b) saccule c) cochlear duct d) semicircular ducts e) Cochlea f) ampullae

Answer 1: a Answer 2 :b Answer 3: d Answer 4: f

73) Otoliths are located in the a) macula of the saccule b) cupula of the crista c) tectorial membrane of the spiral organ d) basilar membrane of the cochlear duct e) hair cells and supporting cells of semicircular ducts

74) The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from what structures? Select all that apply. a) utricle and saccule. b) semicircular ducts. c) eyes d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles. e) nociceptors in the distal limbs. f) spiral organ g) tympanic membrane h) auditory tube

A B C D

75) Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the cochlear nuclei in the _____. a) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata c) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons d) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

79) Choose the sequence of events in order for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end. 1. Taste bud detects tastant on anterior two third of tongue 2. Information travels to limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus 3. Gustatory nucleus in medulla receives information 4. First order neuron from facial nerve carries impulse 5. First order neuron from vagus nerve carries impulse 6. First order neuron from glossopharyngeal nerve carries impulse 7. Conscious perception of taste 8. Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex a) 1, 4, 3, 2, 8, 7 b) 7, 8, 2, 3, 6, 1 c) 7,1,5, 3, 2, 8 d) 1, 4, 5, 5, 3 ,4 , 8, 7 e) 4, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8

80) What structures play a major role in visual acuity? Select all that apply. a) Cones b) Macula lutea c) Optic disc d) Blind spot e) Fovea centralis f) Rods

Answer 1: a Answer 2: b Answer 3: e

81) Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain. 1. inferior colliculus 2. cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII 3. superior olivary nucleus in pons 4. hair cells in spiral organ 5. medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus 6. primary auditory cerebral cortex 7. cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata a) 6,5, 1, 3, 7, 2, 4 b) 2, 4, 7, 1, 5, 3, 7 c) 4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6 d) 5, 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 e) 4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 7, 3

82) When you inhale slowly and deeply, this helps identify odors. Why? a) The receptors need more air to the odors. b) The threshold for odor detection is high. c) More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. d) Adaptation to odors is slow. e) Olfactory transduction can only occur if a certain level of odorant concentration is available.

83) Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 4, 2, 1, 3 c) 3, 4, 1, 2 d) 2, 1, 4, 3 e) 3, 1, 2, 4

84) Night blindness can be caused by a) Toxic levels of vitamin A b) Lack of rhodopsin c) Lack of cones d) Too low concentration of cAMP e) Too high concentration of cAMP

85) Light refracts as it passes through what portions of the eye? Select all that apply. a) sclera b) iris c) choroid d) lens e) cornea f) aqueous humor g) vitreous humor h) pupil

Answer 1: d Answer 2: e Answer 3: f Answer 4: g

Which of the following describes the correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant? A) opening of sodium ion channels - production of cAMP - generation of nerve impulse - depolarization B) production of cAMP - generation of nerve impulse - opening of sodium ion channels - depolarization C) production of cAMP - opening of sodium ion channels - depolarization - generation of nerve impulse D) generation of nerve impulse - production of cAMP - opening of sodium ion channels - depolarization

Which of the following does not pertain to the lacrimal apparatus? A. tears are produced by the sebaceous glands B. tears contain a bactericidal enzyme C. tears exit the eye vicinity via two small lacrimal puncta D. lacrimal fluid ultimately ends up in the nasal cavity E. lacrimal ducts empty tears onto the conjunctiva of the upper lid

The cis to trans conversion of retinal when photopigments respond to light is called: bleaching regeneration isomerization adaptation

isomerization

Which of the following does not describe the visual pathway as light enters the eye? A. visual information from the right half of the visual field goes to the left side of the brain B. all axons from the temporal half of the retina cross in the optic chiasm C. all axons of the retina exit the eye at the optic disc D. optic radiations connect the thalamus to the primary visual area in the cortex

Which is the correct order of events of sound transmission through the ear? 1. sound waves strike the eardrum 2. the ear ossicles vibrate 3. hair cells of the organ of Corti vibrate 4. the perilymph in the cochlea moves 5. sound waves enter the external auditory canal A. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 D. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4

Which structure transduces mechanical vibrations into electrical signals? hair cells supporting cells tympanic membrane oval window auricle

HAIR CELLS

Which of the following form an inverted v-shaped row at the back of the tongue? ampulla vallate papillae cupulae semicircular canals vestibular folds

vallate papillae

Cones A. outnumber rods. B. function only at low light levels. C. allow colour vision D. are concentrated at the periphery of the retina. E. are most critical for night vision.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? A. Cone pigments regenerate much more slowly than rod pigments. B. Rhodopsin absorbs blue and green light, retinal absorbs orange and red light, and opsin absorbs yellow light. C. Rods are involved in color vision. D. Rods contain three different kinds of photopigments, each of which absorbs light at different wavelengths. E. The retina contains three different types of cones, each with a different kind of photopigment.

Olfactory receptors are found

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on

olfactory hairs.

These cells provide physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory receptors cells.

Supporting cells

Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant

occurs rapidly.

The olfactory tract

projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

These receptor cells provide the sense of taste.

Gustatory cells

Taste buds are found on A. the epiglottis. B. the pharynx. C. the soft palate. D. both epiglottis and pharynx. E. All of these choices

Which types of papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

Circumvallate

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

Vagus

Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye?

Retina

Which of the following is the space between the upper and lower eyelids?

Palpebral fissure

This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Conjunctiva

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

a sty.

List the cells, structures, and fluids that light must pass through to reach the photoreceptor cells.

Cornea, Aqueous humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous humor, Ganglion cells, Bipolar cells, Photoreceptor cells.

Which is the correct order in the flow of tears?

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

This is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed.

Cornea

The main function of this structure is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil.

IRIS

The lens is made of layers of proteins called

crystallins.

This lies between the lens and the retina.

Vitreous chamber

This outer layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball.

Sclera

This darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeball.

Choroid

Which of the types of receptor is primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions?

CONES

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is

absorption of light by photopigments.

Binocular vision

gives better depth perception.

When sound waves strike this structure, they cause it to vibrate back and forth.

tympanic membrane

Which of the following structures carries action potentials generated by sound transduction?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Which structure senses a change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium?

Semicircular canals

Which of the following structures of the membranous labyrinth of the inner that are involved in dynamic and static equilibrium? A. Vestibule B. Saccule C. Cochlear duct D. Semicircular ducts E. More than one of the above is correct.

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _________ to the ___________.

Cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; & medulla oblongata