Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood

Question 1

The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is

Answer 1

hematology

Question 2

__________is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.

Answer 2

Blood

Question 3

What is the extracellular matrix of blood called

Answer 3

blood plasma

Question 4

_______________is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood

Answer 4

Interstitial fluid

Question 5

What are the three general functions of blood?

Answer 5

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Question 6

Blood is _______ and more _______ than water and feels slightly sticky

Answer 6

denser
&
viscous

Question 7

The colour of blood varies with its ______content

Answer 7

oxygen

Question 8

When saturated with oxygen blood is what color?

Answer 8

bright red

Question 9

When unsaturated with oxygen, blood is what colour?

Answer 9

dark red

Question 10

Blood constitutes about __% of extracellular fluid

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

What are the two components of blood?

Answer 11

Blood Plasma
Formed Elements

Question 12

Blood is about __% formed elements and __% blood plasma

Answer 12

45% formed elements
55% blood plasma

Question 13

What does the blood transport?

Answer 13

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
heat
waste

Question 14

How does blood help with regulation?

Answer 14

It regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells

Question 15

How does blood help with protection?

Answer 15

Protects against blood loss through clotting and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement.

Question 16

When the formed elements are removed from
blood, a straw-coloured liquid called ________ ______ is left.

Answer 16

blood plasma

Question 17

Blood plasma is about ___% water and ____% solutes, most of which are protein

Answer 17

91.5%
8.5%

Question 18

What are the three elements within plasma protein?

Answer 18

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 19

Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These plasma proteins are also called _______

Answer 19

antibodies

Question 20

What are the three principal components of the formed elements in blood?

Answer 20

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 21

What is the role of red blood cells?

Answer 21

They transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs

Question 22

What is the role of white blood cells?

Answer 22

Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.

Question 23

What is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 23

Erythrocytes

Question 24

What is another name for white blood cells?

Answer 24

Leukocytes

Question 25

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 25

they release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged

Question 26

Platelets are the functional equivalent of _________, nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood

Answer 26

thrombocytes

Question 27

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called ______

Answer 27

the hematocrit

Question 28

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called ________

Answer 28

Hemopoiesis

Question 29

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 29

A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.

Question 30

What are hemocytoblasts?

Answer 30

Stem cells located in red blood marrow

Question 31

To form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. These stem cells are called?

Answer 31

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

Question 32

What are myeloid stem cells?

Answer 32

They are development in the red bone marrow give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

Question 33

What are lymphoid stem cells?

Answer 33

Help develop natural killer cells

Question 34

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells develop directly into _______ cells

Answer 34

precursor cells

Question 35

Several hormones called _________growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

Answer 35

hemopoietic growth factors

Question 36

___________ increases the number of red blood cell precursors

Answer 36

Erythropoietin

Question 37

_____________ is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

Answer 37

Thrombopoietin

Question 38

__________ are small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

Answer 38

Cytokines

Question 39

The process of making blood cells is called _____________

Answer 39

hematopoiesis

Question 40

Red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein called?

Answer 40

Hemoglobin

Question 41

What is hemoglobin

Answer 41

The protein contained in red blood cells is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Question 42

What is the anatomy of red blood cells?

Answer 42

they are microscopic and have the shape of a flat disk or doughnut, which is round with an indentation in the center, but it isn't hollow.

Question 43

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein called _________

Answer 43

globin

Question 44

What is globin composed of?

Answer 44

four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta chains)

Question 45

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a nonprotein called _________

Answer 45

heme

Question 46

What binds to the four polypeptide chains within hemoglobin?

Answer 46

Heme

Question 47

Red blood cells live only about _____days because of the wear and tear

Answer 47

120 days

Question 48

Iron is removed from the heme portion in the form of Fe3+, which associates with the plasma protein ________

Answer 48

transferrin

Question 49

Fe3+ detaches from transferrin and attaches to an iron storage protein called ______

Answer 49

ferritin

Question 50

When iron is removed from heme the non-iron portion of heme is converted to ______

Answer 50

biliverdin

Question 51

________ blood cells have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles but they do not contain hemoglobin.

Answer 51

White

Question 52

WBCs are classified as either _______ or _______

Answer 52

granular or agranular

Question 53

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

Answer 53

neutrophils, eosinophils basophils

Question 54

What are granular leukocytes?

Answer 54

A type of immune cell that has granules with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma

Question 55

What is a neutrophil?

Answer 55

A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection.

Question 56

What are eosinophils?

Answer 56

A type of white blood cell that protect your body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria and outside organisms.

Question 57

What are basophils?

Answer 57

A type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.

Question 58

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 58

White blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease.

Question 59

What are monocytes?

Answer 59

a type of white blood cell that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs

Question 60

What are macrophages?

Answer 60

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms removes dead cells and stimulates the action of other immune system cells