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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 > Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is

A

hematology

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2
Q

__________is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.

A

Blood

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3
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of blood called

A

blood plasma

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4
Q

_______________is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood

A

Interstitial fluid

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5
Q

What are the three general functions of blood?

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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6
Q

Blood is _______ and more _______ than water and feels slightly sticky

A

denser
&
viscous

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7
Q

The colour of blood varies with its ______content

A

oxygen

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8
Q

When saturated with oxygen blood is what color?

A

bright red

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9
Q

When unsaturated with oxygen, blood is what colour?

A

dark red

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10
Q

Blood constitutes about __% of extracellular fluid

A

20%

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11
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Blood Plasma
Formed Elements

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12
Q

Blood is about __% formed elements and __% blood plasma

A

45% formed elements
55% blood plasma

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13
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
heat
waste

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14
Q

How does blood help with regulation?

A

It regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells

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15
Q

How does blood help with protection?

A

Protects against blood loss through clotting and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement.

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16
Q

When the formed elements are removed from
blood, a straw-coloured liquid called ________ ______ is left.

A

blood plasma

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17
Q

Blood plasma is about ___% water and ____% solutes, most of which are protein

A

91.5%
8.5%

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18
Q

What are the three elements within plasma protein?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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19
Q

Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These plasma proteins are also called _______

A

antibodies

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20
Q

What are the three principal components of the formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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21
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs

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22
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.

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23
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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24
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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25
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

they release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged

26
Q

Platelets are the functional equivalent of _________, nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood

A

thrombocytes

27
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called ______

A

the hematocrit

28
Q

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called ________

A

Hemopoiesis

29
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.

30
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Stem cells located in red blood marrow

31
Q

To form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. These stem cells are called?

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

32
Q

What are myeloid stem cells?

A

They are development in the red bone marrow give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

33
Q

What are lymphoid stem cells?

A

Help develop natural killer cells

34
Q

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells develop directly into _______ cells

A

precursor cells

35
Q

Several hormones called _________growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

A

hemopoietic growth factors

36
Q

___________ increases the number of red blood cell precursors

A

Erythropoietin

37
Q

_____________ is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

Thrombopoietin

38
Q

__________ are small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

A

Cytokines

39
Q

The process of making blood cells is called _____________

A

hematopoiesis

40
Q

Red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein called?

A

Hemoglobin

41
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

The protein contained in red blood cells is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

42
Q

What is the anatomy of red blood cells?

A

they are microscopic and have the shape of a flat disk or doughnut, which is round with an indentation in the center, but it isn’t hollow.

43
Q

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein called _________

A

globin

44
Q

What is globin composed of?

A

four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta chains)

45
Q

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a nonprotein called _________

A

heme

46
Q

What binds to the four polypeptide chains within hemoglobin?

A

Heme

47
Q

Red blood cells live only about _____days because of the wear and tear

A

120 days

48
Q

Iron is removed from the heme portion in the form of Fe3+, which associates with the plasma protein ________

A

transferrin

49
Q

Fe3+ detaches from transferrin and attaches to an iron storage protein called ______

A

ferritin

50
Q

When iron is removed from heme the non-iron portion of heme is converted to ______

A

biliverdin

51
Q

________ blood cells have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles but they do not contain hemoglobin.

A

White

52
Q

WBCs are classified as either _______ or _______

A

granular or agranular

53
Q

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

A

neutrophils,
eosinophils
basophils

54
Q

What are granular leukocytes?

A

A type of immune cell that has granules with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma

55
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection.

56
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

A type of white blood cell that protect your body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria and outside organisms.

57
Q

What are basophils?

A

A type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.

58
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease.

59
Q

What are monocytes?

A

a type of white blood cell that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs

60
Q

What are macrophages?

A

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms removes dead cells and stimulates the action of other immune system cells

Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 (18 decks)

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