Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Flashcards
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is
hematology
__________is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.
Blood
What is the extracellular matrix of blood called
blood plasma
_______________is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood
Interstitial fluid
What are the three general functions of blood?
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Blood is _______ and more _______ than water and feels slightly sticky
denser
&
viscous
The colour of blood varies with its ______content
oxygen
When saturated with oxygen blood is what color?
bright red
When unsaturated with oxygen, blood is what colour?
dark red
Blood constitutes about __% of extracellular fluid
20%
What are the two components of blood?
Blood Plasma
Formed Elements
Blood is about __% formed elements and __% blood plasma
45% formed elements
55% blood plasma
What does the blood transport?
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
heat
waste
How does blood help with regulation?
It regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells
How does blood help with protection?
Protects against blood loss through clotting and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement.
When the formed elements are removed from
blood, a straw-coloured liquid called ________ ______ is left.
blood plasma
Blood plasma is about ___% water and ____% solutes, most of which are protein
91.5%
8.5%
What are the three elements within plasma protein?
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These plasma proteins are also called _______
antibodies
What are the three principal components of the formed elements in blood?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What is the role of red blood cells?
They transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs
What is the role of white blood cells?
Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is another name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What is the function of platelets?
they release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged
Platelets are the functional equivalent of _________, nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood
thrombocytes
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called ______
the hematocrit
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called ________
Hemopoiesis
What is red bone marrow?
A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.
What are hemocytoblasts?
Stem cells located in red blood marrow
To form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. These stem cells are called?
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
What are myeloid stem cells?
They are development in the red bone marrow give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
What are lymphoid stem cells?
Help develop natural killer cells
Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells develop directly into _______ cells
precursor cells
Several hormones called _________growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells
hemopoietic growth factors
___________ increases the number of red blood cell precursors
Erythropoietin
_____________ is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes
Thrombopoietin
__________ are small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
Cytokines
The process of making blood cells is called _____________
hematopoiesis
Red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein called?
Hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin
The protein contained in red blood cells is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
What is the anatomy of red blood cells?
they are microscopic and have the shape of a flat disk or doughnut, which is round with an indentation in the center, but it isn’t hollow.
A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein called _________
globin
What is globin composed of?
four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta chains)
A hemoglobin molecule consists of a nonprotein called _________
heme
What binds to the four polypeptide chains within hemoglobin?
Heme
Red blood cells live only about _____days because of the wear and tear
120 days
Iron is removed from the heme portion in the form of Fe3+, which associates with the plasma protein ________
transferrin
Fe3+ detaches from transferrin and attaches to an iron storage protein called ______
ferritin
When iron is removed from heme the non-iron portion of heme is converted to ______
biliverdin
________ blood cells have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles but they do not contain hemoglobin.
White
WBCs are classified as either _______ or _______
granular or agranular
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
neutrophils,
eosinophils
basophils
What are granular leukocytes?
A type of immune cell that has granules with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma
What is a neutrophil?
A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection.
What are eosinophils?
A type of white blood cell that protect your body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria and outside organisms.
What are basophils?
A type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease.
What are monocytes?
a type of white blood cell that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs
What are macrophages?
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms removes dead cells and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
