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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 > Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Does the somatic nervous system operate With or Without conscious control?

A

With control

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2
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system operate With or Without conscious control?

A

without conscious control

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3
Q

Sensory input for the somatic nervous system is mainly from the ________ senses and _______ senses

A

somatic and special

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4
Q

Sensory input for the ANS is from ______

A

interoceptors

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5
Q

The autonomic nervous system is part of the nervous system that regulates what three things?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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6
Q

What is effector tissue?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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7
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

A technique in which an individual is provided with information regarding an autonomic response such as heart rate, blood pressure, or skin temperature

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8
Q

Autonomic nerve neuropathy

A

A neuropathy that affects one or more autonomic nerves, with multiple effects on the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

The ANS consists of two main divisions (parts):

A

the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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10
Q

Most organs receive nerves from both of these divisions, an arrangement known as

A

dual innervation

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11
Q

What is the 3rd division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

enteric plexuses

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12
Q

Enteric sensory neurons monitor chemical changes where?

A

the digestive canal

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13
Q

The autonomic motor neurons release either ________ or ____________

A

acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE)

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14
Q

The somatic motor neurons release only ________

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system stimulation always excites ____________

A

its effectors

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16
Q

Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system either excites or inhibits ________

A

visceral effectors

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17
Q

Each division of the ANS has _______motor neurons

A

two

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18
Q

A motor neuron in any autonomic motor pathway is called a __________

A

preganglionic neuron

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19
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A

Its cell body is in the brain or spinal cord; its axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve.

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20
Q

What is a postganglionic neuron?

A

A nerve cell that is located distal or posterior to a ganglion.

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21
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the nuclei of what four cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

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22
Q

There are two major groups of autonomic ganglia:

A

(1) sympathetic ganglia
(2) parasympathetic ganglia

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23
Q

What is included in the afferent division of the nervous system?

A

Receptors
Sensory neurons
Sensory pathways

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24
Q

What is included in the efferent division of the nervous system?

A

Nuclei
Motor tracts
Motor neurons

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25
Q

What are the names of the two autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic division

A

Prevertebral ganglia
&
Sympathetic trunk ganglia

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26
Q

Parasympathetic responses are often _________ to a ________ effector

A

localized
&
Single

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27
Q

In the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, axons of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form tangled networks called

A

autonomic plexuses

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28
Q

The major plexuses in the thorax are the ______ and _____

A

cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus

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29
Q

The abdomen and pelvis also contain what major autonomic plexuses?
They are 5

A

celiac plexus
superior mesenteric plexus
inferior mesenteric plexus
hypogastric plexus
renal plexus

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30
Q

What does the cardiac plexus supply?

A

Supplies the heart

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31
Q

What does the pulmonary plexus supply?

A

supplies bronchial tree

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32
Q

What does the superior mesenteric plexus supply?

A

supplies large and small intestine

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33
Q

What does the interior mesenteric plexus supply?

A

large intestine

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34
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus supply?

A

supplies pelvic viscera

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35
Q

What does the renal plexus supply?

A

supplies kidneys and ureters

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36
Q

What does the celiac plexus supply?

A

largest; surrounds celiac trunk

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37
Q

The white ramus communicans is a structure that anteriorly connects the spinal nerve to the ________

A

Sympathetic trunk.

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38
Q

Only ________________nerves have white communicating rami.

A

the thoracic and first two or three lumbar

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39
Q

What is gray rami communications?

A

a neuronal structure which connects the autonomic sympathetic trunk with the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

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40
Q

The third division of the ANS is called

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

41
Q

Where do the enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons work?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

42
Q

What is the Autonomic ganglion?

A

A cluster of cell bodies of sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons located outside the central nervous system.

43
Q

What is a Chromaffin cell?

A

A cell that has an affinity for chrome salts, due in part to the presence of the precursors of the neurotransmitter epinephrine; is found, among other places, in the suprarenal medulla.

44
Q

What are the names of the two motor neurons in the autonomic motor pathway?

A

Preganglionic and Postganglionic

45
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A

Its cell body is in the brain or spinal cord; its axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve.

46
Q

What is a postganglionic neuron?

A

directly responsible for changes in the activity of the target organ via biochemical modulation and neurotransmitter release.

47
Q

The axons of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are known as the__________

A

thoracolumbar outflow

48
Q

The sympathetic division is also called the________

A

thoracolumbar division

49
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the nuclei of what four cranial nerves?

A

(III, VII, IX, and X)

50
Q

the parasympathetic division of the preganglionic neurons is also known as ______________

A

the craniosacral division

51
Q

the axons of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are referred to as the ________

A

craniosacral outflow

52
Q

What are the two major groups of the autonomic ganglia?

A

(1) sympathetic ganglia
(2) parasympathetic ganglia

53
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglia?

A

the sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

54
Q

What are two major types of sympathetic ganglia?

A

sympathetic trunk ganglia
prevertebral ganglia

55
Q

What is the function of sympathetic trunk ganglia?

A

Primarily supply nerves to organs above the diaphragm

56
Q

What is the function of the prevertebral ganglia?

A

They supply nerves to organs below the diaphragm.

57
Q

What is a postganglionic neuron?

A

A nerve cell that is located distal or posterior to a ganglion.

58
Q

What are autonomic plexuses?

A

In the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, axons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form tangled networks called autonomic plexuses

59
Q

What are the major plexuses in the thorax?

A

the cardiac plexus
the pulmonary plexus

60
Q

What is the celiac (solar) plexus?

A

is a complex system of radiating nerves and ganglia. It’s found in the pit of the stomach

61
Q

What is the superior mesenteric plexus?

A

contains the superior mesenteric ganglion and supplies the small and large intestines.

62
Q

What is the inferior mesenteric plexus?

A

contains the inferior mesenteric ganglion, which innervates the large intestine.

63
Q

What is the hypogastric plexus?

A

which is anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra, to supply the pelvic viscera

64
Q

What is the renal plexus?

A

contains the renal ganglion and supplies the renal arteries within the kidneys and ureters

65
Q

What is the pathway from Spinal Cord to the sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

passing through the ventral root of the spinal nerve to reach the sympathetic ganglia via white rami communicantes

66
Q

The cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk is located in the neck and is subdivided into how many parts?

A

superior, middle, and inferior ganglia

67
Q

Postganglionic neurons leaving the superior cervical ganglion serves______

A

the head and heart

68
Q

Postganglionic neurons leaving the middle cervical ganglion and the inferior cervical ganglion supply nerves to where?

A

the heart and blood vessels of the neck, shoulder, and upper limb.

69
Q

Axons leave the sympathetic trunk in four
possible ways:

A

(1) They can enter spinal nerves;
(2) they can form cephalic periarterial nerves; (3) they can form sympathetic nerves;
(4) they can form splanchnic nerves.

70
Q

Axons leave the sympathetic trunk can enter spinal nerves by?

A

A short pathway called gray ramus, and then merge the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

71
Q

Cephalic periarterial nerves provide sympathetic innervation to where?

A

visceral effectors in the skin of the face
visceral effectors of the head

72
Q

Sympathetic nerves provide nerves to where?

A

The heart and lungs

73
Q

What are the splanchnic nerves?

A

paired, autonomic nerves that carry both visceral sympathetic and sensory fibers specifically to gastrointestinal

74
Q

What is the role of the splanchnic nerves in the adrenal medulla?

A

The adrenal medulla makes chemicals such as epinephrine and norepinephrine which are involved in sending nerve signals.

75
Q

What is the cranial parasympathetic outflow consist of?

A

preganglionic axons that extend from the brainstem in four cranial
nerves.

76
Q

what does the sacral parasympathetic outflow consist of?

A

preganglionic axons in anterior roots of the second through fourth sacral spinal
nerves.

77
Q

The cranial outflow has four pairs of ganglia what are they called?

A
  1. The ciliary ganglia l.
  2. The pterygopalatine ganglia
  3. The submandibular ganglia
  4. The otic ganglia
78
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

are the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers that arise from the anterior rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 and freely distribute across the abdominal and pelvic cavities to innervate the abdominopelvic viscera.

79
Q

Based on the neurotransmitter they produce and release autonomic neurons are classified as either _________ or _________

A

cholinergic or adrenergic.

80
Q

Cholinergic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

81
Q

Acetylcholine is released by?

A

exocytosis

82
Q

acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with what type of receptor?

A

A cholinergic receptor

83
Q

What are the two cholinergic receptors that bind to acetylcholine?

A

nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

84
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are _________

A

adrenergic

85
Q

Adrenergic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

86
Q

Adrenergic receptors bind to both ___________ and __________

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

87
Q

The norepinephrine can either be released as a ______________ by sympathetic postganglionic neurons or released as a__________into
the blood by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae

A

neurotransmitter
&
hormone

88
Q

The two main types of adrenergic receptors
are ______ receptors and _______receptor

A

alpha (α) and beta (β)

89
Q

An enzyme called monoamine oxidase is involved in?

A

Removing the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine from the brain.

90
Q

An ______________ is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, in the process mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone.

A

agonist

91
Q

An _______________is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, thereby preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect.

A

antagonist

92
Q

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, called the ______, is regulated by the _____________

A

autonomic tone
*
hypothalamus

93
Q

the ________________division of the ANS reduces
body functions that favour the storage of energy

A

Sympathetic

94
Q

Activation of the sympathetic division and release of hormones by the adrenal medullae set in motion a series of physiological
responses collectively called the ______________

A

Fight or flight response

95
Q

The _____________ division of the ANS enhances rest-and-digest activities.

A

parasympathetic

96
Q

The effects of ______ stimulation are longer lasting and more widespread than the effects of _______ stimulation

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

97
Q

An autonomic (visceral) reflex adjusts the activities of what three things?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

98
Q

An autonomic (visceral) reflex arc consists of what 5 parts?

A

a receptor
a sensory neuron,
an integrating center
two autonomic motor neurons
a visceral effector.

99
Q

The ____________ is the major control and integration center of the ANS.
It is connected to both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions

A

hypothalamus

Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 (18 decks)

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