MCQ Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards
Neuroglial cell that carries on phagocytosis.
cranial nerves
microglial cells
microtubules
electrical excitability
Microglial cells
A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses.
neurotransmitter receptors
satellite cells
acetylcholine (ACh)
muscle action potential
acetylcholine (ACh)
The portion of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to skeletal muscles.
microglial cells
somatic nervous system (SNS)
effector cell
electrical excitability
Microglial cells
One of the 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots.
action potentials
Spinal nerves
guillain-Barré syndrome
nervous system
spinal nerves
Flat neuroglial cell that surrounds cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid.
Dendrites
Satellite cells
Depression
Tract
Satellite cells
The surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, consisting of gray matter; arranged in six layers of neuronal cell bodies in most areas.
astrocytes
neuropathy
cranial nerves
cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
Membrane-enclosed sac in a synaptic end bulb that stores neurotransmitters.
effectors
synaptic vesicles
effector cell
axoplasm
Synaptic vesicles
A network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia that is organized into two main divisions: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors outside the central nervous system).
Nervous system
White matter
Muscle action potential
Cerebral cortex
Nervous system
A neuron that secretes a hypothalamic releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone into blood capillaries of the hypothalamus; a neuron that secretes oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone into blood capillaries of the posterior pituitary.
Interneurons
Neurology
Spinal nerves
Neurosecretory cells
Neurosecretory cells
Any disorder that affects the nervous system but particularly a disorder of a cranial or spinal nerve. An example is facial neuropathy (Bell’s palsy), a disorder of the facial (VII) nerve.
synaptic cleft
parasympathetic
acetylcholine (ACh)
neuropathy
neuropathy
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon in a jelly-roll fashion. Also called a neurolemmocyte.
Wallerian degeneration
Neuroblastoma (noor-ō-blas-TŌ-ma)
Schwann cell
Axosomatic
Schwann cell
Propagation of an action potential (nerve impulse) in a step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of an axon membrane.
continuous conduction
epinephrine
myelin sheath
neurotransmitter receptors
continuous conduction
A group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system (CNS).
Synaptic end bulbs
Ganglion
Depression
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Ganglion
A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic neurons terminate on one postsynaptic neuron. The medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward a near object being viewed in order to produce a single image.
Neuropathy
Axosomatic
Microglial cells
Convergence
Convergence
One of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through foramina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designated by a Roman numeral and a name.
Ganglion
Cranial nerves
Purkinje cells
Synapse
Cranial nerves
A space along a myelinated axon between the individual Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath and the neurolemma. Also called a node of Ranvier.
gray matter
cranial nerves
neuropathy
myelin sheath gaps
myelin sheath gaps
One of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of energy. Also called the thoracolumbar division.
Microtubules
Myelin sheath
Axon terminals
Sympathetic
Sympathetic
Any stress that changes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber.
enteric plexuses
axoplasm
synaptic cleft
stimulus
stimulus
Areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter.
Gray matter
Axon terminals
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Stimulus
Gray matter
A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapse.
postsynaptic neuron
Presynaptic neuron
enteric plexuses
synaptic end bulbs
Presynaptic neuron
A bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system.
Tract
Stimulus
Rabies
Parasympathetic
Tract
Neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain?
epinephrine
effectors
white matter
sensory neurons
sensory neurons
23 of 59
A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation.
acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter receptors
microtubules
norepinephrine (NE)
norepinephrine (NE)
A neuroglial cell that supports neurons and produces a myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the central nervous system.
oligodendrocytes
acetylcholine (ACh)
white matter
action potential (AP)
oligodendrocytes
The part of the nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system, consisting of nerves and ganglia.
Neuroblastoma
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Action potentials
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
General term for any process (axon or dendrite) projecting from the cell body of a neuron.
Nerve fiber
Myelin sheath
Axon
Effectors
Nerve fiber
An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization.
Action potential (AP)
Axon
Satellite cells
Nerve action potential
Nerve action potential
A stimulating impulse that propagates along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules; in skeletal muscle, it is generated by acetylcholine, which increases the permeability of the sarcolemma to cations, especially sodium ions (Na+).
Interneurons
Wallerian degeneration
Stimulus
Muscle action potential
Muscle action potential
The peripheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Also called sheath of Schwann.
Neurolemma
Axon
Oligodendrocytes
Depression
Neurolemma
The part of the nervous system that is embedded in the submucosa and muscular layer of the digestive canal; governs motility and secretions of the digestive canal.
Stimulus
Enteric plexuses
Ganglion
Action potentials
Enteric plexuses
This multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons.
Myelin sheath
Nerve
Neuroblastoma
Neurons (nerve cells)
Myelin sheath
The part of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Consists of two main divisions (sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system) and an enteric nervous system. So named because this part of the nervous system was thought to be self-governing or spontaneous.
Norepinephrine (NE)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Nerve action potential
Astrocytes
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Neuroglial cell that covers choroid plexuses and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); it also lines the ventricles of the brain and probably assists in the circulation of CSF.
Neurology
Nerve fiber
Ependymal cells
Neurotransmitter
Ependymal cells
Cytoplasm of an axon.
Rabies
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Postsynaptic neuron
Axoplasm
Axoplasm
A malignant tumor that consists of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts); occurs most commonly in the abdomen and most frequently in the suprarenal glands. Although rare, it is the most common tumor in infants.
Axoplasm
Neuroblastoma
Action potential (AP)
Axosomatic
Neuroblastoma
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Epinephrine
Effectors
Gray matter
Epinephrine
Neuron whose axon extends only for a short distance and contacts nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. Also called association neuron.
Axon terminals
Convergence
Gray matter
Interneurons
Interneurons
The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical.
Effectors
Effector cell
Synapse
Chromatolysis
Synapse
A neuroglial cell having a star shape that participates in brain development and the metabolism of neurotransmitters, helps form the blood-brain barrier, helps maintain the proper balance of K+ for generation of nerve impulses, and provides a link between neurons and blood vessels.
Neuroblastoma
Axon terminals
Astrocytes
Sympathetic
Astrocytes
An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber (cell); a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber.
Electrical excitability
Spinal nerves
Action potential (AP)
Synaptic end bulbs
Action potential (AP)
From axon to cell body.
Oligodendrocytes
Agonist
Axosomatic
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Axosomatic
Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly.
Action potential (AP)
Astrocytes
Interneurons
Depression
Depression
The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system.
Nerve
Oligodendrocytes
Neurology
Parasympathetic
Neurology
The breakdown of Nissl bodies into finely granular masses in the cell body of a neuron whose axon has been damaged.
Dendrites
Chromatolysis
Neurology
Satellite cells
Chromatolysis
That portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Axon
Central nervous system (CNS)
White matter
Interneurons
Central nervous system (CNS)
One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.
Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter
Neurology
Sympathetic
Neurotransmitter
A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system.
Microglial cells
Wallerian degeneration
Nerve
Sympathetic
Nerve
Muscle fiber (cell) in the ventricular tissue.
Purkinje cells
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Purkinje cells
Expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles.
Dendrites
Agonist
Synaptic end bulbs
Action potential (AP)
Synaptic end bulbs
Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord.
Wallerian degeneration
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Spinal nerves
White matter
White matter
An acute demyelinating disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from axons in the PNS. It is the most common cause of acute paralysis in North America and Europe and may result from the immune system’s response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover completely or partially, but about 15% remain paralyzed.
Parasympathetic
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Nerve fiber
Nerve action potential
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals.
Satellite cells
Spinal nerves
Tract
Electrical excitability
Electrical excitability
Neuron that conducts impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. Also called efferent neuron.
Motor neurons
Synapse
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Stimulus
Motor neurons
Degeneration of the portion of the axon and myelin sheath of a neuron distal to the site of injury.
Astrocytes
Motor neurons
Action potentials
Wallerian degeneration
Wallerian degeneration
One of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brainstem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. Also known as the craniosacral division.
Parasympathetic
Agonist
Divergence
Sensory neurons
Parasympathetic
The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Postsynaptic neuron
Axon
Depression
Postsynaptic neuron
A fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. It is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected dog or other meat-eating animal. The symptoms are excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death.
Effectors
Rabies
Myelin sheath
Axosomatic
Rabies
A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of one presynaptic neuron terminate on several postsynaptic neurons.
Epinephrine
Divergence
Microtubules
Nerve fiber
Divergence
The narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from another neuron or muscle fiber (cell) and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to affect the postsynaptic cell.
Ganglion
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles
Synaptic cleft
When the graded potential results in the membrane becoming more negative, it is said to be a
polarizing graded potential
hyperpolarizing graded potential
hypopolarizing graded potential
depolarizing graded potential
hyperpolarizing graded potential
The type of circuit in which branches of postsynaptic neurons synapse with earlier neurons in the path is a(n) _________ circuit.
Reverberating
During this, ions flow through their channels in each adjacent segment of the membrane.
amplitude
saltatory conduction
channel flow
continuous conduction
Continuous conduction
Which of the following neurotransmitters is only excitatory?
Glycine
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Glutamate
In the spinal cord, this surrounds the gray matter.
neuroglia
white matter
ganglion
neurolemma
White matter
The stomach and the small intestine are served by the
enteric nervous system
cranial nerves
central nervous system
somatic motor neurons
Enteric nervous system
If a postsynaptic cell receives EPSPs but not enough to reach the threshold, which of the following will happen?
A less-powerful action potential will be propagated.
No action potential will be propagated.
A small action potential will be propagated.
Fewer action potentials will be propagated.
No action potential will be propagated
A regeneration tube in the PNS helps direct further growth of ______ after an injury.
dendrites
an axon
a soma
a myelin sheath
An axon
The resting membrane potential in most neurons is about –70mV. What does this tell you?
The outside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the inside of the membrane.
The inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside of the membrane.
The axolemma is more negatively charged than the membrane around the soma.
The membrane around the soma is more negatively charged than the axolemma.
The inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside of the membrane.
A channel that opens in response to a change in the membrane potential is known as a
voltage-gated channel
leak channel
ligand-gated channel
mechanically gated channel
Voltage-gated channel
The effectors of the body include
cranial nerves
the spinal cord
glands
the brain
Glands as they respond to the signals from the brain.
The information that is processed by the central nervous system is also said to have been
automated
activated
integrated
elicited
Integrated
Nerves that directly innervate voluntary muscles are part of the
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
central nervous system
enteric nervous system
Somatic nervous system
When a person jerks his hand away from a hot stove, the movement is directly stimulated by
interneurons
association neurons
motor neurons
sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Which neuronal feature is described according to function?
dendrites; send signals to other neurons, glands or muscles
cell body; stores the nucleus and most organelles
axon; receives signals from other cells
Cell body; stopped the nucleus and most organelles
Identify the neural cell or part of a neuron that cannot conduct impulses.
neuroglia
dendrites
cell body
axon
Neuralgia
Three main components of neurons are ___________.
axon, dendrites, and nucleus
neurofibrils, synapse and neuroglia
nodes of ranvier, axon, and synaptic end bulbs
dendrites, cell body, and axon
dendrites, cell body, and axon
Which of the parts of nervous tissue transmits an action potential?
Axon
Cell body
Dendrite
Neuroglia
Axon
DNA is found at this level of structural organization.
chemical
organismal
tissue
cellular
Chemical
Abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs would be detected during breathing by
percussion
auscultation
inspection
palpation
Auscultation
The nurse is assessing a patient complaining of abdominal pain. During the assessment, the nurse taps on the patient’s abdomen, listening to the sounds made. This is called
auscultation
percussion
palpation
inspection
Percussion
In an analogy, if an organism is a book and a cell is an individual word, then organs are
chapters
paragraphs
appendices
sentences
Paragraphs
A change in the chemicals that enter the nose would be received by
enteric plexuses
sensory receptors
motor neurons
spinal nerves
Sensory receptors
The autonomic nervous system mediates two types of responses in the body.
remember and forget emotions
sadness and gladness emotions
fight/flight and rest/digest
fight or flight reactions
fight/flight and rest/digest
A person who sees a lion outside will likely have an increase in heart rate. Why?
The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue.
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue.
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits the cardiac muscle tissue.
The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the cardiac muscle tissue.
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue.
A photoreceptor in the eye could be classified into which of the following categories?
smooth muscle
somatic nerve
sensory receptor
ganglion
Sensory receptors
The optic (II) nerve emerges from the brain; therefore, it is a type of
spinal nerve
somatic nerve
cranial nerve
enteric nerve
Cranial nerve
Where in the central nervous system would you find Purkinje cells?
in the cerebral cortex
in the cerebellum
in the medulla
in the temporal lobe
In the cerebellum
In the brain, this surrounds the white matter.
ganglia
neuronal cell bodies
gray matter
dendrites
Grey matter
The neuronal Nissl bodies are
mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum
axon terminal buttons
elements of the cytoskeleton
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which types of CNS neuroglia are the most similar in appearance?
microglia and astrocytes
ependymal cells and microglia
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
A motor neuron that stimulates the hamstring muscle group is which type of neuron?
peripheral neuron
central neuron
basal nucleus
interneuron
peripheral neuron
Many cardiac arrhythmias are due to improper regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Which of the following could be a cause of cardiac arrhythmia that arises from the ANS?
inability of the accessory (XI) nerve to transmit stretching sensations from the ventricles
larger-than-normal gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells
failure of the vagus (X) nerve to signal slowing of the heart rate
release of neurotransmitters from somatic motor neurons stimulating the heart
failure of the vagus (X) nerve to signal slowing of the heart rate
Which of the following controls the “fight-or-flight” response?”
central nervous system
spinal cord
cranial nerves
autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Which of the following are considered effectors in the human body?
salivary glands
all of these
heart
pancreas
All of these
Motor neurons from the hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervate the tongue. Destruction of these motor neurons due to traumatic injury would result in the loss of a(n)
effector for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
sensory receptor for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
integration site for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
central nervous system pathway for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
effector for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
You are observing a cell in your microscope. When the cell is electrically stimulated, it transmits an electrical impulse to a receiver. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
The cell is a neuron, and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.
The cell is a neuron and the dendrites conducted the electricity to the receiver.
The cell is a type of neuroglia and the dendrites conducted the electricity to the receiver.
The cell is a type of neuroglia and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.
The cell is a neuron, and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.
If the axon of a neuron were destroyed, which of the following would happen to the neuron?
The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials.
Nothing; there are additional axons to take its place.
The neuron could no longer receive stimuli.
The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials or receive stimuli.
The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials.
How many different types of processes typically protrude from a neuron?
two; the axon and one or more dendrites
three; the axon, the cell body, and one or more dendrites
one; the axon
four; the axon, the cell body, one or more dendrites, and associated neuroglia
two; the axon and one or more dendrites
_________ cells support and nourish cells that send electrical signals throughout the body
Neuroglial
The stomach and the small intestine are served by the
central nervous system
cranial nerves
enteric nervous system
somatic motor neurons
enteric nervous system
Integration of information from sensory neurons can happen in
peripheral nerves
myelin sheaths
the brain
neuroglia
The brain
Hirschsprung’s disease is a disorder in which the large intestine has no nerves and cannot function as it should. This is a problem with which of the following parts of the nervous system?
the somatic nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system
the central nervous system
the enteric nervous system
the enteric nervous system
_______ form the receptor area of the neuron where input from other neurons is transmitted to the cell
Dendrites
Identify the neural cell or part of a neuron that cannot conduct impulses.
axon
cell body
dendrites
neuroglia
Neuroglia
Which part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses to another cell?
synaptic ends
axon
cell body
dendrites
Axons
Neuron A has a diameter that is twice that of Neuron B. Based only on this information, which of the following is true?
Neuron A will transmit stronger action potentials than Neuron B.
Neuron A will transmit weaker action potentials than Neuron B.
Neuron A will transmit action potentials faster than Neuron B.
Neuron A will transmit action potentials slower than Neuron B.
Neuron A will transmit action potentials faster than Neuron B.
An electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron is known as a(n)
action potential
electrochemical potential
resting membrane potential
graded potential
resting membrane potential
The trigger for an action potential comes from _____________ potentials that develop due to to the input of a stimulus to sensory receptors.
graded
action
nerve action
muscle action
graded
A channel that opens in response to the binding of a molecule like a neurotransmitter is known as a
mechanically gated channel
leakage channel
ligand-gated channel
voltage-gated channel
ligand-gated channel
Blood vessels are only present in white matter.
TRUE
FALSE
True
The cerebellum and cerebrum are covered by __________.
a thin layer of white matter
a thin layer of gray matter
a thin layer of neuroglia
a thin layer of ganglia
a thin layer of gray matter
What gives gray matter its grayish color?
dendrites
nissl bodies
neuronal cell bodies
ganglion
Nissl bodies
What comprises gray matter?
myelinated axons
dendrites
neuronal cell bodies
unmyelinated axons and dendrites
unmyelinated axons and dendrites
A defect in forming which of the following would mean neurons could not be properly supported by astrocytes?
myelin sheaths
neurofibrils
microfilaments
cerebrospinal fluid
microfilaments
__________ give(s) white matter it’s white color.
dendrites
neuronal cell bodies
nissl bodies
myelin
Myelin
