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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 > CHAPTER 16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems > Flashcards

CHAPTER 16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of sensation?

A

is the conscious or subconscious
awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

is the conscious interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Each unique type of sensation such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing is called?

A

Sensory Modailty

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4
Q

The nature of a sensation and the type of reaction generated vary according to ___________________

A

the destination of sensory impulses in the CNS.

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5
Q

How many sensory modalities does a sensory neuron serve?

A

only 1

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6
Q

What 4 events need to occur for a sensation to arise?

A

stimulation
transduction
generation of impulses
integration.

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7
Q

What type of receptors consist of free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings, are associated with the general senses

A

Simple receptors

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8
Q

What types of receptors are associated with the special senses?

A

Complex receptors

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9
Q

Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by producing _______________

A

receptor potentials

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10
Q

Another way to group sensory receptors is based on the location of the receptors and the origin of the stimuli that activate them. What are the three locations?

A

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors

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11
Q

Where are Exteroceptors located and what stimulates them?

A

They are located at or near the external surface of the body
They are sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body and pro- vide information about the external environment.

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12
Q

Where are Interoceptors located and what activates them?

A

-located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system and monitor conditions in the internal environment
- not consciously perceived

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13
Q

Where are Proprioceptors located and their function?

A

Located in muscles, tendons, and joints
They provide information about where your body is in space (balance)

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14
Q

What are the 6 types of receptors for stimulation detection?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors

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15
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors detect?

A

mechanical stimulation of the body

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16
Q

What do Thermoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in tempurature

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17
Q

What do Nociceptors detect?

A

Painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

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18
Q

What do Photoreceptors detect?

A

the light that strikes the retina of the eye

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19
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect?

A

chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids.

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20
Q

What do Osmoreceptors detect?

A

Osmotic pressure of body fluids

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21
Q

A characteristic of most sensory receptors is their ability to adapt what are the two types of adapting receptors?

A

Rapidly adapt­ing receptors
Slowly adapt­ing receptors

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22
Q

_________ are sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous tissue; in mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus; and in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Somatic sensations

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23
Q

Somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface are called _____________

A

cutaneous sensations

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24
Q

The________ sensations include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle

A

tactile

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25
Q

What are the 5 tactile sensations?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle

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26
Q

Sensations of _______ generally result from stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

A

touch

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27
Q

What are touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae of skin and hair called?

A

Corpuscles of touch

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28
Q

What are the two types of slow-adapting touch receptors?

A

Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

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29
Q

What are Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors? AKA tactile discs

A

are saucer-shaped, flattened free nerve endings that make contact with tactile epithelial cells of the stratum basale

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30
Q

What are Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors?

A

are elongated, encapsulated receptors located in the dermis, subcutaneous layer, and other tissues of the body

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31
Q

What is pressure?

A

a sustained sensation that is felt over a larger
area than touch, occurs with deeper deformation of the skin and subcutaneous layer

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32
Q

What is vibration?

A

Vibration results from rapidly repetitive
sensory signals from tactile receptors

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33
Q

what is a lamellated corpuscle

A

nerve ending surrounded by a multilayered connective tissue capsule

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34
Q

What causes the itch sensation?

A

The itch sensation results from the stimulation of the free nerve endings by certain chemicals

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35
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Free nerve endings that have receptive fields
about 1 mm in diameter on the skin surface.

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36
Q

Where are cold receptors located?

A

they are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

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37
Q

What temperatures activate cold receptors?

A

Temperatures between 10° and 35°

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38
Q

Where are warm receptors located?

A

Located in the dermis

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39
Q

What temperatures activate warm receptors?

A

Temperatures between 30° and 45°

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40
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

the receptors for pain, are free nerve endings found
in every tissue of the body except the brain

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41
Q

What activates the nociceptors?

A

Intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli

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42
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A

Fast and Slow pain

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43
Q

What is fast pain?

A

Fast pain occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 seconds after a stimulus is applied because the nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter

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44
Q

What is slow pain?

A

begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes.

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45
Q

Pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin is called ___________

A

superficial somatic pain

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46
Q

Pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia are called ___________

A

deep somatic pain

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47
Q

What type of pain results from the stimulation of nociceptors in organs?

A

Visceral pain

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48
Q

____________________is very precisely localized to
the stimulated area

A

Fast pain

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49
Q

______________ is well localized but more diffuse, as
it usually appears to come from a larger area of the skin

A

Somatic slow pain

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50
Q

Visceral pain can be felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ, or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ. What is this called?

A

Referred pain

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51
Q

What is kinesthsia?

A

is the perception of body movements.

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52
Q

Proprioceptors also allow weight discrimination, what does this mean?

A

the ability to assess the weight of an object

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53
Q

__________ are the proprioceptors that
monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes

A

Muscle spindles

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54
Q

What are intrafusal fibres?

A

a specialized cell population in skeletal muscle that is responsible for proprioceptive function

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55
Q

Near the middle of intrafusal fibres, muscle spindles contain motor neurons called___________

A

gamma motor neurons

56
Q

Surrounding muscle spindles are ordinary skeletal muscle fibres, called _________

A

extrafusal muscle fibers

57
Q

___________ are slowly adapting receptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscles

A

tendon organs

58
Q

Several types of joint kinesthetic receptors are present within and around the ___________ _________ of synovial joints.

A

articular capsules

59
Q

Somatic sensory pathways relay information
from what type of sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area?

A

somatic sensory receptors

60
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex area located?

A

in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum and to the cerebellum

61
Q

A somatic sensory pathway consists of thousands of sets of three neurons:

A

a first-order neuron
a second-order neuron
a third-order neuron.

62
Q

What are the first-order neurons?

A

are sensory neurons that conduct nerve impulses from somatic sensory receptors into the brainstem or spinal cord

63
Q

What are second-order neurons?

A

conduct nerve impulses from the brainstem or spinal cord to the thalamus

64
Q

Axons of second-order neurons _____________ as they course through the brainstem or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus.

A

decussate (cross over to the opposite side)

65
Q

What are third-order neurons?

A

conduct nerve impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex on the same side.

66
Q

Regions within the CNS where neurons synapse with other neurons that are a part of a particular sensory or motor pathway are known as _______ ____

A

Relay stations

67
Q

Particular sensory or motor pathways are known as relay stations because?

A

neural signals are being relayed from one region of the CNS to another

68
Q

Somatic sensory impulses ascend to the cerebral cortex via three general pathways:

A

(1) the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway
(2) the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
(3) the trigeminothalamic pathway.

69
Q

The posterior column medial—lemniscus pathway conveys nerve impulses for?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception to the cerebral cortex

70
Q

Where does the posterior column medial—lemniscus pathway convey information to?

A

the cerebral cortex

71
Q

After entering the spinal cord, axons of these first-order neurons ascend to the medulla via tracts known as the _____ ________

A

posterior columns

72
Q

Axons of the second-order neurons cross to the opposite side of the medulla and enter the __________ ___________

A

medial lemniscus

73
Q

What is medial lemniscus?

A

a thin ribbonlike projection tract that extends from the medulla to the thalamus

74
Q

The __________pathway conveys nerve impulses for pain, temperature, touch and pressure to the cerebral cortex

A

anterolateral (spinothalamic)

75
Q

The anterolateral pathway conveys nerve impulses for pain, temperature, touch and pressure to where?

A

cerebral cortex

76
Q

What is the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

Nerve impulses for pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth ascend to the cerebral cortex along

77
Q

Nerve impulses for pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth ascend to the _______ ______

A

cerebral cortex

78
Q

The trigeminothalamic pathway sends signals to the ______

A

Pons

79
Q

The trigeminothalamic pathway sends signals from the pons to what nerve?

A

the trigeminal (V) nerves

80
Q

The axons of the second-order neurons cross
to the opposite side of the pons and medulla and then ascend as the _________ tract

A

trigeminothalamic tract

81
Q

Precise localization of somatic sensations occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the?

A

primary somatosensory cor­tex

82
Q

The primary somatosensory cor­tex occupies the?

A

postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

83
Q

Two tracts in the spinal cord are the major routes proprioceptive nerve impulses take to reach the cerebellum. What are the two tracts?

A

the anterior spinocerebellar tract
the posterior spinocerebellar tract

84
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

responsible for transmitting the signal from the upper motor neuron to the effector muscle to perform a movement.

85
Q

Nerve cells that only participate in the local aspects of a circuit are called __________ ________ neurons

A

local circuit

86
Q

Local circuit neurons receive input from what type of receptor?

A

somatic sensory

87
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

The nerves in the CNS which carry the impulses for movement

88
Q

What are corpus striatum neurons?

A

neurons that assist in movement by input to upper motor neurons

89
Q

A prime function of the ________ is to monitor differences between intended movements and movements actually performed.

A

cerebellum

90
Q

Neural circuits interconnect the corpus striatum nuclei with motor areas of the _________ ____________ and the brain stem

A

cerebral cortex

91
Q

What do cerebellar neurons do?

A

aid movement by controlling the activity of upper motor neurons.

92
Q

What is the premotor cortex?

A

A crucial part of the brain, which is believed to have direct control over the movements of voluntary muscles.

93
Q

What is the premotor cortex?

A

A crucial part of the brain, is believed to have direct control over the movements of voluntary muscles.

94
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

is the major control region for the execution of voluntary movements.

95
Q

The primary motor cortex controls muscles by forming _______ pathways that extend to the spinal cord and brainstem

A

descending

96
Q

The axons of upper motor neurons extend from the brain to lower motor neurons via two types of pathways what are they called?

A

Direct and indirect

97
Q

What is a direct motor pathway?

A

They provide input to lower motor neurons via axons that extend directly from the primary motor cortex

98
Q

What is an indirect motor pathway?

A

provide input to lower motor neurons from motor centers in the brainstem

99
Q

Direct and indirect pathways both govern the generation of nerve impulses in the lower motor neurons, the neurons that stimulate the contraction of what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

100
Q

Nerve impulses for voluntary movements propagate from the primary motor cortex to lower motor neurons via the DIRECTor INDIRECT motor pathways

A

Direct

101
Q

What is another name for the direct motor pathway?

A

Pyramidal pathway

102
Q

Why is the pyramidal pathway called its name?

A

Because direct motor pathways consist of axons that descend from pyramidal cells

103
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Are upper motor neurons that have pyramid-shaped cell bodies

104
Q

What is the purpose of pyramidal cells?

A

They are the main output cells of the cerebral cortex.

105
Q

The direct motor pathways consist of twp pathways what are they?

A

corticospinal pathways
corticobulbar pathway

106
Q

what is the corticospinal pathway?

A

conduct impulses for the control of muscles of the limbs and trunk

107
Q

Axons of upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex form the _________ tracts

A

corticospinal

108
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

a tract which descends through the internal capsule of the cerebrum and the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain

109
Q

what are the two types of corticospinal tracts?

A

lateral corticospinal tract
the anterior corticospinal tract.

110
Q

what is the Lateral corticospinal tract function?

A

The primary responsibility of the lateral corticospinal tract is to control the voluntary movement of contralateral limbs

111
Q

What is the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

a small bundle of descending fibres that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

112
Q

What is the corticobulbar pathway?

A

A pathway that conducts impulses for the control of skeletal muscles in the head

113
Q

Axons of upper motor neurons from the cerebral cortex form the ________ tract. Associated with the movement of the face

A

corticobulbar

114
Q

The lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves convey impulses that control what type of movement?

A

precise and voluntary movements of the face

115
Q

The brainstem contains four major motor centers that help regulate body movements what are they?

A

(1) the vestibular nuclei in the medulla and pon(2) the reticular formation located throughout the brainstem
(3) the superior colliculus in the midbrain
(4) the red nucleus

116
Q

The brainstem motor centers give rise to the indirect motor pathways, also known as __________ ____________

A

extrapyramidal pathways

117
Q

What does the indirect motor pathway include?

A

all somatic motor tracts other than the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

118
Q

Axons of upper motor neurons descend from the brainstem motor centers into five major tracts of the spinal cord what are they?

A

Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Lateral reticulospinal
medial reticulospinal tracts

119
Q

In general, the indirect motor pathways convey nerve impulses from the brainstem to cause

A

involuntary movements

120
Q

Where are the vestibular nuclei located?

A

located in the medulla and pons of the hindbrain

121
Q

What is the postural reflexes?

A

keep the body in an upright and balanced position.

122
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Conveys signals to the skeletal muscles of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs

123
Q

The vestibulospinal tract causes ________ of __________ in order to maintain posture in response to changes in equilibrium.

A

contraction of muscles

124
Q

The reticular formation also helps control posture. TRUE or FALSE

A

True

125
Q

discrete nuclei in the reticular formation generate action potentials along what two reticulospinal tracts?

A

medial reticulospinal tract
lateral reticulospinal tract

126
Q

The _______ _________ receives visual input from the eyes and auditory input from the ears

A

superior colliculus

127
Q

What is the tectospinal tract?

A

It is involved in orienting the eyes and the head toward sounds as part of the auditory and visual reflex

128
Q

What is saccades?

A

a rapid movement of the eye between fixation points.

129
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract function?

A

The rubrospinal tract mainly transmits signals into the red nucleus from the motor cortex and cerebellum to the spinal cord

130
Q

What are the 4 functions of the corpus striatum?

A

Initiation of movements
Suppression of unwanted movement
Regulation of muscle tone
Regulation of nonmotor processes

131
Q

The cerebellar function involves what four activities?

A

Monitoring intentions for movement
Monitoring actual movements
Comparing command signals with sensory information
Sending our corrective feedback

132
Q

What is integration?

A

The processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing it and making decisions for various responses

133
Q

What are the integrative functions of the cerebrum?

A

include cerebral activities such as wakefulness and sleep, learning and memory, and language.

134
Q

The cerebral cortex contains two language areas what are they called?

A

Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area

135
Q

What is Wenicke’s area responsible for in language?

A

It is responsible for the ability to comprehend spoken language

136
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for in language?

A

Speech production

Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2/3 Ch11-20 (18 decks)

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