May 15th Flashcards

1
Q

Phosphofructokinase-2 is upregulated by what? What is the product?

A

Upregulated by insuline; makes fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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2
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1 is upregulated and inhibited by what?

A

Upregulated by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; inhibited by ATP and citrate

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3
Q

What is the attack rate?

A

Ratio of number of individuals who become ill divided by the number of individuals who are at risk of contracting that illness

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4
Q

Elevated alpha fetoprotein levels is seen in what?

A

Multiple gestation, open neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects

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5
Q

What are the most common symptoms of NF-1?

A

Cafe-au-lait spots, multiple neurofibromas, Lisch nodules

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6
Q

What is in the inheritance pattern of NF-1?

A

Single-gene autosomal dominant on chromosome 17

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7
Q

What test differentiates Bernard-Soulier syndrome from vWF deficiency?

A

Both will have abnormal platelet aggregation to ristocetin; but when normal plasma is added, vWF disease is corrected

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8
Q

How is pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency managed?

A

Ketogenic diet - high fat, low carbohydrate; lysine and leucine are exclusively keotgenic

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9
Q

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

A

Lysine and leucine

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of pyruvate dehydrogenase def?

A

Neurologic defects and lactic acidosis

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11
Q

What are three examples of antioxidant enzymes?

A

Superoxide dismutase; glutathione peroxidase, and catalase

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12
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

Promoter region that binds TFs and RNA pol II during the initiation of transcription; approximately 25 bps upstream

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13
Q

Ornithine transcarbamylase def. is characterized by what?

A

Hyperammonemia and elevated urinary orotic acid

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14
Q

Uridine monophosphate synthetase def results in decreased synthesis of what?

A

Pyrimidines

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15
Q

What are the characteristic findings in UMP Synthetase def?

A

Orotic acid buildup, but no hyperammonemia; megaloblastic anemia, not reversed with B12/Folate

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16
Q

What is a drug that can be used in HIT?

A

Argatroban

17
Q

Brain tumor with pseudopalisading necrosis

18
Q

Which hydatidiform mole is p57-positive?

A

Partial mole

19
Q

What happens to peripheral resistance in response to epinephrine?

A

Decreases - due to beta > alpha effects

20
Q

High fever for 3-5 days followed by an erythematous maculopapular rash; starts on truck and spreads to the face

A

HHV-6 roseola infantum

21
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis of a Teenage boy with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics and unable to distinguish smells? Pathology?

A

Kallmann syndrome; absence of GnRH secretory neurons in the hypothalamus due to defective migration from the olfactory placode

22
Q

Alkaptunuria is a deficiency in what enzyme? This enzyme plays a role in what pathway?

A

Def in homogentisic acid dioxygenase; blocks conversion of tyrosine to fumarate

23
Q

What pathogens are most often responsible for secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

In order: S pneumo, S aureus and H influenzae

24
Q

S3 heart sound is indicative of what? When is it heard? Murmurs?

A

Rapid ventricular filling; hear early diastole in mitral regurg; HF, and dilated ventricles

25
Where do venous stasis ulcers usually occur?
Medial malleolus
26
What is the ligamentum flavum?
A strong elastic ligament supporting the posterior aspect of the spinal canal
27
What characteristics are seen in Gerstmann syndrome?
Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left to right disorientation
28
Gerstmann syndrome is a result of damage to what region on the brain?
Angular gyrus of the dominant parietal lobe
29
What region on the spine is effected in rheumatoid arthritis?
Cervical
30
What part of the spine is involved in osteoarthritis?
Lumbar spine
31
What is apixaban?
Direct Xa inhibitor
32
What is cilostazol? When is it used?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; occasionally used for claudication
33
Biopsy of psoriasis reveals what?
Thin stratum granulosum and prominent parakeratotic stratum corneum with occasional foci of neutrophil accumulation
34
Endocarditis with blood cultures revealing gram positive cocci that are catalase negative and able to grow in hypertonic saline and bile is likely to be what organism?
Enterococci