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March Mocks Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelle?

A

Tiny structures found withing cells

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2
Q

Cell?

A

The smallest unit of life

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3
Q

Tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function

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4
Q

Organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

Organ Systems?

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular job

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6
Q

Fungi?

A

Unicellular or Multicellular, Eukaryotic Organisms

When they are Multicellular, a body called mycelium, made up of hyphae (thread-like structure) which contains a lot of nuclei

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7
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

Saprophytically

secret extracellular digestive enzymes onto decaying food material

Large molecules are digested into smaller molecules

Fungi cells absorb the smaller molecules

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8
Q

Protoctists?

A

Microscopic single-celled organisms

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9
Q

Examples of Protoctists?

A

Amoeba (pond water), have animal like features

Chlorella have chloroplasts and are more like plants

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10
Q

Bacteria?

A

Single-celled Prokaryotic

Some have chloroplasts –> some can Photosynthesis

Most bacteria feed off other living or dead organisms

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11
Q

Examples of Bacteria?

A

Lactobacillus

Pneumococcus which causes pneumonia

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12
Q

Viruses?

A

Non-living

Smaller than Bacteria

Wide variety of shapes and sizes

No cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain DNA or RNA

Only reproduce inside living cells

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13
Q

Examples of Viruses?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus –> causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplast

Influenza –> flu

HIV –> AIDS

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14
Q

Pathogenic Examples of Fungi?

A

tinea pedis –> Athletes foot

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15
Q

Pathogenic example of Protoctists?

A

Plasmodium –> Malaria

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16
Q

Differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell divides by mitosis into different specialised cells

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17
Q

Specialised Cell?

A

A cell with a particular structure of feature that allows it to carry out a particular job more effectively

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18
Q

Potential benefits of Stem Cells?

A

Offer a way of treating many different diseases caused by damaged cells

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19
Q

Potential risks of using stem cells?

A

Technique could be used illegally to produce human clones

If stem cells continue to divide in the body after they have replaces the damaged cells, they can result in cancer

Stem cells from one person are often killed by the immense system of another

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20
Q

Experiment to show Diffusion?

A

Pour 50cm3 of Iodine Solution into a beaker

Place a Viking Tubing (filled with Starch and Glucose inside of it)

After some time the solution outsides tests positive for glucose but negative for starch, because, the glucose is small enough to diffuse out of the tube into the solution from higher to lower concentration but the starch is too big

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21
Q

Factors affecting the rate of Diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient

SA: V

Distance

Temperature

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22
Q

Osmosis?

A

The movement of water from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential across a selectively permeable membrane

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23
Q

Active Transport?

A

The movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration using a specific carrier protein and energy in the form of ATP

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24
Q

How are cells adapted for Active Transport?

A

Cells which carry out a lot of active transport have many mitochondria to release the extra energy (ATP) needed for the uptake

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25
Q

Balanced Diet?

A

One that contains all of the food groups in the correct amounts.

Carbs, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre

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26
Q

Source of Lipids?

What we use them for?

A

To provide energy, be an energy store, to protect organs and for heat insulation

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27
Q

Associated deffiecny with Lipids?

A

Feeling tired, too thin and at risk

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28
Q

Tests for Starch?

A

Add iodine solution

Orange Brown –> Blue Black

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29
Q

Testing for glucose?

A

Add benedicts solution

Heat up to (90)

Blue –> Red

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30
Q

Tests for Proteins?

A

Add sodium hydroxide and a few drops of copper sulphate

Blue –> Lilac

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31
Q

Tests for fat?

A

Crush with ethanol and then add water

White Emulsion will form

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32
Q

Enzymes?

A

Biological Catalysts which lower the activation energy of a reaction without actually being used up

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33
Q

How does Increasing Temperature increase the rate of reaction?

A

Increasing the Temperature

Increases KE

More Enzyme-substrate complexes are formed

Rate of reaction becomes faster

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34
Q

How does Increasing Temperature decrease the rate of reaction?

A

Increasing the temp above opt temps increases KE

active site 3D shape changes

No longer complementary to the substrate

Less Enzyme Substrate complexes are formed

Rate of Reaction will decrease

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35
Q

Digestion?

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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36
Q

What does Amylase do and where is it made?

A

Salivary Glands and released in mouth
Made in pancreas and released into the small intestine

Starch –> Maltose

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37
Q

What does Maltase do and where is it made?

A

Maltose –> Glucose

Made and found in the small intestine

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38
Q

What does Protease do and where is it made?

A

Protein –> A.A

Made and released in the stomach
Made in the pancreas and released into the small intestine

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39
Q

What does Lipase and where is it made?

A

Lipid –> Glycerol and fatty acids

Made in the pancreas and released into the small intestine

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40
Q

what pH do all enzymes in the small intestine have?

A

7

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41
Q

Absorption?

A

When the small, soluble molecules move from the small intestine into the blood

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42
Q

Assimilation?

A

When the absorbed molecules move into cells and become part of them or are used

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43
Q

Egestion?

A

Passing out undigested food as faeces via the anus

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44
Q

Peristalsis?

A

When food is squeezed through the gut by circular muscles which contract in waves

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45
Q

Adaptions of the Ileum for absorption?

A

It is very long and has many villi to increase SA

Many capillaries and a rich blood supply to increase the concentration gradient

The walls of the intestine are only one cell thick for a short diffusion pathway

Contains lacteals for lipid absorption

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46
Q

Adaptions of a villus absorption?

A

It is very long and has many villi to increase SA

Many capillaries and a rich blood supply to increase the concentration gradient

The walls of the intestine are only one cell thick for a short diffusion pathway

Contains lacteals for lipid absorption

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47
Q

Adaptions of epithelial cells for absorption?

A

Have microvilli which increase SA

Many mitochondria for more respiration for more energy for more active transport

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48
Q

Explain the process of Digestion?

A 
Mechanical Digestion (Via Teeth)
Amylase Present breaks down starch enzymes

Food moves down the Oesophagus via Peristalsis

The Food then enters the Stomach

(-Stomach pummels food with the muscular walls

-Produces the protease enzyme called pepsin which digests proteins into amino acids.

–> Stomach contains HCl to kill Bacteria and to provide optimum temp and pH for Pepsin)

Small Intestine Produces Proteases, amylase and lipase enzymes to completed digestion

This is where nutrients are absorbed out of Alimentary Canal into body.

The Large Intestine absorbs excess water in ileum from faecial matter

The Rectum is where the last part of the faeces is stored and when it is full it is released through the anus

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49
Q

What are three parts of the Small Intestine?

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

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50
Q

How does the Duodenum Assist Digestion?

A

Where Majority of Digestion Takes Place

(Pancreatic Juice and Bile enters the duodenum via the Ampulla of Vater to assist and to enable absorption of molecules to occur)

51
Q

Where is Bile Produced? and where is it stored?

A

Made in the liver

Stored in the Gall Bladder

52
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

Produces enzymes such as lipase, amylase, protease which is released into the intestines (Also produces insulin)

53
Q

What does Bile do?

A

Neutralises acidic contents of the stomach

Emulsifies Fat into tiny droplets

(Increases the surface area for which the lipase enzyme can work on)

54
Q

Structure of DNA molecules?

A

2 Polynucleic strands, joined by complementary nitrogenous bases, coiled round in a spiral called a double helix

55
Q

Which bases pair with each other?

A

A with T

G with C

56
Q

Gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for a protein

57
Q

mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA-temporary copy of DNA

58
Q

How does Transcription work?

A

Part of the DNA double helix unwinds and unzips so the 2 strands separate

Template (copy) strand

Bases are exposed along the template strand

Complementary RNA nucleotides line up along the template strand

The DNA ‘zips up’ again

This forms an mRNA molecule

The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

59
Q

2 stages of Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

60
Q

Translation?

A

The mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome

The first tRNA anticodon binds to the start codon on the mRNA strand

Another tRNA anticodon binds to the second codon on the mRNA strand

A bond forms between the two amino acids

The first tRNA molecule is released

More tRNA molecules arrive and add their amino acids to the chain, forming a protein

At the end of the mRNA molecule there is stop codon and the mRNA is released

61
Q

Differences between DNA and mRNA?

A

DNA: Double Helix
RNA: Single Strand

DNA: BASE (T)
RNA; BASE (U)

DNA: DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
RNA: RIBOSE SUGAR

62
Q

Allele?

A

A different form of the same gene

63
Q

Genotype?

A

The alleles present in an organism

64
Q

Phenotype?

A

The characteristic expressed in an organsim

65
Q

Homozygous?

A

A genotype of the same alleles

66
Q

Heterozygous?

A

A genotype of Opposite Alleles

67
Q

Dominant?

A

A type of allele that is always expressed if it is present in the genotype

68
Q

Recessive?

A

A type of allele that is only expressed if no dominant allele is present

69
Q

Protein Synthesis?

A

DNA helix is untwisted and unzipped

mRNA nucleotides match to their complementary base on the strand

The mRNA nucleotides themselves are then joined together, creating a new strand of the original DNA

The template of mRNA strand moves to ribosomes

The bases on the mRNA are read in threes to code for an amino acid

The corresponding amino acids are brought to the ribosome by carrier proteins

These A.A connect together to form a protein

70
Q

Mitosis stages?

A

The cell grows as organelles which grow and increase in number

Synthesis of Protein occurs

All 46 chromosomes are replicated

Energy Stores are increased

Chromosome lines up at the equator of the cell

Spindle fibres pull each chromosome of the ‘X’ to either side of the cells

Two identical cells form when the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide, each containing the same 46 chromosomes as the original cell

71
Q

Meiosis formation?

A

The cells make copies of its chromosomes, so it has double the amount of genetic information

The cell divides into two cells, each with half the amount of chromosomes, giving the normal amount of 46 chromosomes

Each cell divides into two again to produce 4 cells, each with 23 chromosomes.
(Haploid)

72
Q

Excretion?

A

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.

73
Q

3 examples of Excretion?

A

Breathing, Sweating and Urination

74
Q

What does Urea contain?

A

Nitrogen

75
Q

Ultrafiltration?

A

Blood from renal artery flows through the glomerulus at high pressure

Pressure within the glomerulus is high

The high pressure causes water ions etc: to filter out of the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule

The membranes between the blood vessels in the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule act like filter,

big molecules like proteins and blood cells are not able to be squeezed out.

They stay in the blood

The filtered liquid is known as Glymerolus filtrate

76
Q

Explain the process of Reabsorption?

A

As the filtrate flows through the nephron, useful substances are selectively reabsorbed into the blood

All the glucose at the Proximal convoluted tubule

The reabsorption of glucose requires AT

Sufficient Ions are reabsorbed

Sufficient amount of water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the blood by osmosis

Remaining water is excreted as urine

77
Q

Inhalation?

A

Intercostal Muscles Contract

Ribcages move up and out

Volume of Thorax increases

Air pressure inside the thorax decreases

Air enters

78
Q

How are Sperm cells adapted?

A
  • Streamlined head and long tail to aid swimming
  • Many Mitochondria
  • Acrosome (to pof the head) has digestive enzymes which break down the outer layers of membrane of the egg cell
79
Q

How are Nerve Cells adapted?

A

The axon is long, enabling the impulses to be carried along long distances

Having lots of extensions from the cell body means branched connections can form with other nerve cells

Nerve endings have many mitrochondria

80
Q

How are Root Hair Cells adapted?

A

Large SA:V

Large Permanent Vacuole affects the speed of movement of water from the soil to the cell

Mitochondria for AT

81
Q

How are Xylem Cells adapted?

A

Lignin –> Cells die

Cells (hollow and join end-to-end to form a continuos tube for water and mineral ions to travel through from the roots

Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonding - creating a continuos column of water up the plant

Water evaporates creating a transpiration stream

Lignin strengthens the plant to help it withstand the pressure of the water movement

Lignin contains bordered pits, which are holes to allow specific areas for water and therefore minerals to enter the plant

82
Q

Adaptions of Phloem Cells?

A

Cell walls form sieve plates when they break down

This allows the movement of substances from cell to cell

Mitrochondira

83
Q

Types of Stem Cells?

A

Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells and Meristems in Plants

84
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

Form when an egg and sperm cell fuse to form a zygote

Differentiates into any type of cell

85
Q

Adult Stem Cells?

A

If found in bone marrow they can form many types of cells including blood cell

86
Q

Meristems?

A

Found in Shoots and Roots

Dfuferentiate into any type of plant

87
Q

Why do Pregnant people need more energy?

A

Energy Requirements will increase in order to support growth of the foetus

Energy needs also increase due to the extra mass of the baby

88
Q

Adaptations Spongy Mesophyll for Gas Exchange?

A

Have lots of air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells faster, as it increases the SA:V

89
Q

Use of Waxy Cuticle?

A

Helps to reduce water loss by ecaporation and is a protective layer found at the top of the leaf

90
Q

Use of Upper Epirdermis?

A

Very thin and transparent in order to let light in to the palisade mesophyll

91
Q

Use of Palisade Mesophyll

A

Contains lots of Chloroplasts so that photosynthesis can happen rapidly

92
Q

Lower Epidermis?

A

Contains guard cells and stomata

93
Q

Ribs?

A

Bone surrounding the lungs to provide protection of internal organs

94
Q

What is CHD?

A

When Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart the arteries become blocked.

This is due to a build-up of fatty plaques.

This can cause ischaemia which can eventually lead to a muscle death

95
Q

Causes of CHD?

A

Poor Diet- increases cholesterol levels, which can increase the chance of fatty plaques building up.

High levels of salt can increase blood pressure which damages the blood vessels and increases the chances of fatty deposits building up

Smoking-
Nicotine causes narrowing of CA and increases Blood Pressure, which can increase the chance of a blockage in the CA

Stress-
Hormones produced in times of stress can increase blood pressure, which can damage the vessel walls

96
Q

Explain the effect of pH on Proteases?

A

Optimum pH means that the active site is in the correct shape

When pH falls or rises from the optimum the shape of the active site changes-it Denatures

This occurs because the change in environmental causes BONDS within the enzyme to break, so enzyme unravels

This means that the substrate can no longer fit into the active site

Reaction rate falls as less substrate digested

Opt pH is pH 1.5 which is found in the Stomach

An enzyme called Protease can digest in this environment

97
Q

Explain the effect of pH on Pepsin?

A

Optimum pH means that the active site is in the correct shape

When pH falls or rises from the optimum the shape of the active site changes

98
Q

Describe an experiment you could carry out to compare the concentration of samples of plasma and glomerular filtrate?

A

Benedict’s
Heat
Red in High Concentration of Glucose
Orange/yellow-green in low concentration of glucose

control volume of samples

99
Q

Cornea?

A

Transparent Outer Part of the Eye

It refracts light to each retina

100
Q

Iris?

A

The coloured part of the eye that does not allow light to go through

101
Q

What does the Iris do?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

102
Q

Lens?

A

Transparent, biconvex disc that attaches to ciliary muscles by the suspensory ligaments

103
Q

What does the Lens do?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

104
Q

Retina

A

contains light receptors

105
Q

Accomodation of a near object?

A

Ciliary muscles contact

Suspensory Ligaments slacken

Lens fatter

More light refracted

Light converges on the retina

106
Q

Accomodation of a Distant Object?

A

Ciliary Muscles relax

Suspensory Ligaments stretch

This allows the lens to become thin so the light is refracted less

Light converges on the Retina

107
Q

How do Platelets work?

A

When a blood vessel is damaged platelets respond by releasing an enzyme which causes the formation of a fibrous protein called fibrin

Fibrin traps blood cells and forms a blood clot

108
Q

Explain how Glucose is regulated?

A

Glucose levels controlled by the Pancreas

Detects levels of glucose as blood flows through (receptors)

Secretes Hormones

Insulin –> Lowers Blood Glucose Levels

OR

Glucagon–> Raises blood glucose levels

109
Q

How does Insulin change blood sugar level?

A

Travels in blood stream to target cells (muscles and liver)

Causes cells to take up glucose

Some used in respiration (muscles)

Some stored as glycogen (liver)

Lowers blood sugar levels

110
Q

How does Glucagon change the blood sugar level?

A

Travels in blood stream to target cells in liver

Glycogen broken down into glucose

Glucose released into blood

Raises Blood Levels

111
Q

Use of Progestorone?

A

Maintains the uterus lining so that the fertilised egg can implant

112
Q

Pros of a Bomb Calorimeter?

A

Oxygen for complete food combustion

food enclosed so less energy lost

insulation so less heat lost

lid so less heat loss

copper (good conductor) heats up water

stirrer distributes heat

113
Q

why might it be better to use a larger volume of water in a calorimetry experiment (that is not in a Bomb Calorimeter)?

A

Less heat loss

Heats up slower

Smaller SA:V

114
Q

How could someone improve an experiment that measures breathing rate?

A

Repeat

Measure Breathing rate during Excercise

Run at same Speed

115
Q

Nervous Vs Endocrine System?

A

Neuro System:

Electrical
Nerve Cells
Very Fast
Short

Endocrine Glands:

Chemical
Hormones in bloodstream
Slower
Long

116
Q

Affect of Light Intensity on Transpiration?

A

Increased Rate of Photosynthesis

More Stomata open to allow gaseous exchange

More Water can evaporate

Increased Rate of Transpiration

117
Q

How does Temperature affect Transpiration?

A

The molecules move faster

Evaporation at a faster rate

Transpiration increases

Rate of Photosynthesis increases

More stomata are open for gaseous exchange

More water evaporates and the rate of transpiration increases

118
Q

How to investigate the Rate of Transpiration?

A

Cut under water

Make sure it’s water tight

Make sure a singular bubble is there

Measure distance the bubble moves

Use ruler

Repeat

119
Q

Phloem Adaptations?

A

Translocation

Many Organelles from the cells are removed so cell sap can move through

Many mitochondria in companion cells which provide the energy the cells require

Food substances can be moved in both directions, from the leaves where they are made for use, or from storage

120
Q

Leaf Anatomy

A

See

121
Q

Kidney System Anatomy

A

See

122
Q

Eye Structure

A

See

123
Q

Motor Neurone Diagram

A

See

Biology (24 decks)

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