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Biology > Man and the enviroment > Flashcards

Man and the enviroment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Balanced equation and Written equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Water + Carbon Dioxide –> Glucose + Oxygen

6Co2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What are the three factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light Intensity
Carbon Dioxide Conc.
Temperature

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3
Q

What are Greenhouses used for?

A

To Increase Crop Yield

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4
Q

What are the four conditions that are controlled in a Greenhouse?

A

High Light Intensity
Carbon Dioxide Conc.
Temperature
No Winds, Pollution and Pests

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5
Q

How is it High Light Intensity Controlled In a Greenhouse?

A

Artificial Lighting

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6
Q

How is High Carbon Dioxide Conc. Controlled in a Greenhouse?

A

Burn Fossil Fuels ( e.g. Gas Burner )

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7
Q

How is Temperature Controlled in a Greenhouse?

A

Burn Fossil Fuels (e.g. Gas Burner)

Glass Traps Infrared Radiation

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8
Q

How is No Wind, Pollution and Pests Controlled in a Greenhouse?

A

Glass or Plastic Walls

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9
Q

How Does High Light Intensity Increase Crop Yield?

A 
Higher Light Intensity 
Increased Rate of Photosynthesis
More Growth 
More Crop Yield
Then Plateaus due to other limiting factors
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10
Q

How Does a High Carbon Dioxide Conc. Increase Crop Yield?

A 
Higher Carbon Dioxide Conc.
Increased Rate of Photosynthesis
More Growth
More Crop Yield
Then plateaus due to other limiting factors
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11
Q

How Does a High Temperature Increase Crop Yield?

A 
Higher Temp
Increased Kinetic Energy
For Enzymes
More Succesful Collisions
Increased Rate of Reactions per Second!!
Denaturing Enzymes
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12
Q

How Does No Wind, Pollution or Pests Inrease Crop Yield

A

•Less damage to crops

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13
Q

Why are Pests are Problem to the Enviroment?

A

They Reduce Crop Yield

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14
Q

What are the three Common Pests?

A

Weed, Molluscs, Insects

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15
Q

How Do Weeds Affect Crop Yield?

A

Interspecific Competition

•For light, mineral ions, carbon dioxide, water

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16
Q

How to Prevent Weeds From Affecting Crop Yield?

A

Herbicides (Toxins)

Pull them out

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17
Q

How do Insects Affect Crop Yield?

A
  • Eats leaf → reduces SA → less light absorbed → reduced rate of P/S
  • Eat the desired part of the crop e.g. the corn grains
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18
Q

How to Prevent Insects From Affecting Crop Yield?

A
  • Insecticides

* Biological control

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19
Q

How do Molluscs Affect Crop Yield?

A
  • Eats leaf → reduces SA → less light absorbed → reduced rate of P/S
  • Eat the desired part of the crop e.g. the corn grains
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20
Q

How to Prevent Molluscs from Affecting Crop Yield?

A

Molluscides

Biological Control

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21
Q

What is Biological Control?

A

Using another organism to kill the pest e.g. by eating it

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22
Q

Example of Biological Control?

A

Ladybirds eating Aphids

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23
Q

Advantages of Biological Control?

A
  • Lasts longer (no need to re-apply)
  • Specific to one species
  • No bioaccumulation
  • No resistance
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24
Q

Disadvantages of Biological Control?

A
  • Could become a pest themselves or an invasive species

* Could disrupt food chains

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25
Q

What are Fertillisers used for?

A

Used to increase crop yield.

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26
Q

Give 4 examples of Mineral Ions?

A

Nitrate
Magnesium
Phosphate
Potassium

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27
Q

What is the use of Nitrate Mineral Ions in a Plant?

A

Make amino acids and then proteins for growth

28
Q

What is the use of Magnesium Mineral Ions in a Plant?

A

Making chlorophyll, to absorb light in photosynthesis

29
Q

What is the use of Phosphate Mineral Ions in a Plant?

A

Used in DNA and Cell Membranes

30
Q

What is the use of Potassium Mineral Ions in a Plant?

A

Helps enzymes in resp. & p/s

31
Q

What is the problem of using Fertillisers near a sea or river? and what is the name of this process?

A

Death of Fish. This is called Eutrophication

32
Q

What is the abbreviaton consulting fifferent types of Biological Pest Control? and explanation?

A

Predation - Predators eat crop pest
Parasatism - Parasites lay eggs in pests eating them inside
Pathogens - Bact, Fungi, Virus infect crop pests
Pheremone Traps - Sex hormones attract them –> Trapped
Sterile Mates - Sterile Mates released, mating –> 0 offspring

33
Q

Problems With Pesticides? Abbreviation?

A

Mutation (When too much is used)
Variation (Different Species due to mutation)
Competition (Mutated Species vs Species)
Enviroment (If mutation is advantageous to the enviroment then the Mutated species will outlive)
Advantageous (Same as above)
Survival (Same as above)
Reproduction (New species reproduces more)
Evolution (They are now the Predominant Species and become resistant)

34
Q

Explain the process of Eutophication?

A
  1. Rain Causes fertillisers to leach into the river or lake
  2. The algae use the nutrients in the fertillisers ro grow –> Algal Bloom
  3. This Bloom blocks the light to aquatic plants whic then cannot photosynthesis and die
  4. Bacteria decomposes the dead plant
  5. Number of bacteria increase and respire using more O2
  6. Fish die due to the lack of O2
35
Q

What is leaching?

A

It is the process in which mineral ions are transferred away in this case into the river.

36
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

This is the excess of mineral ion in an area

37
Q

Disadvantages of using pesticides?

A

Not specific to one species
Pesticide Resistance
Bioaccumulation

38
Q

What is Fish Farming?

A

raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures such as fish ponds, usually for food.

39
Q

Large numbers of fish can be controlled healthily by using?

A

Water Quality
Feeding
Disease
Competition

40
Q

Advantages to catching fish in a fish farm compared to catching fish in the wild?

A

Easy to catch
Protects Wild Stocks
Can select the species you catch

41
Q

How to reduce Interspecific Competition?

A

Using Nets

42
Q

Disadvantages of using fish farms?

A

Releasing mineral ion from faeces and food can cause eutrophication
Disease can spread to wild fish
Attracts Predators to the area
Cross Breedng
Reducing Pesticides e.g. Antibiotics can be damaging to the enviroment

43
Q

Advanatges of Using Fish Farms?

A

Selective Breeding
Less depletion of Wild Fish
Control O2 levels
Feed High Protein to Fish

44
Q

How to control your Fish Farms to avoid unhealthyFish Farms?

A

Remove Dead and Diseased Fish

Use Antibiotics to kill Bacteria

45
Q

How to control Intraspecific Competition?

A

Seperate sizes and age groups of fish

46
Q

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

A

More Greenhouse Gases –> Enhanced Greenhoue effect –> More IR radiation trapped –> Increased Co2 levels

47
Q

What does the Greenhouse effect trap?

A

Traps Infrared Radiation

48
Q

What are the four greenhouse gases?

A

Water Vapour
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxide
Methane

49
Q

What is the natural (1st) and man made (2nd) source of producing these greenhouse gases?

A

Water Vapour - Evaporation and Transpiration - Combustion of fossil fuels
Carbon Dioxide - Respiration and Combustion of wood - Combustion of fossil fuels
Nitrogen Oxide - Lighting Strikes (Nitrogen Cycle!!!)
Methane - Intensive Cattle farming and Intensive Rice Farming

50
Q

What is Deforestation?

A

Permanent Removal of forestal areas

51
Q

What are the effects of Deforestation?

A 
Global Warming
Increase Carbon Dioxide Conc.
Decreased O2 levels
Habitat loss
Wildife Endangerment
Could lead to Eutrophication (soil exposed absorbs water, leaching)
52
Q

Explain the process of Global Warming?

A
  1. Radiation from the Sun
  2. Some Radiation is absorbedd by Earth
  3. Greenhouse Gases traps IR radiation in the Ozone layer
  4. Some Radiation escapes and goes to space
  5. Heat is trapped in the atmosphere
53
Q

What are the consequences of Global Warming?

A

Climate Change
Habitat Loss
Extinction
Flooding

54
Q

What is Acid Rain?

A

Rain with a <5.6 PH Acidic Gases Dissolve in Water

55
Q

What are the 3 polluting Gases (1st) and what type of acid rain do they form

A

Sulfur Dioxide –> Sulfuric Acid
Nitrogen oxides __> Nitric Acid
carbon Dioxide –> Carbonic Acid

56
Q

How is acid rain formed?

A

Acid rain forms when water molecules in the atmosphere react with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides to form an acidic compound. The resulting compound has a lower pH. (Gases are released into the air and moved by wind)

57
Q

Effects of acid rain on the environment?

A

Decreased Growth in Crops
Lower Ph in the rivers –> Death to organisms
Washes away vital minerals for plants

58
Q

How could we act to reduce acid rain?

A

Prevent the Oxides and Nitrogens from escaping
Catalytic converters on cars
Less combustion on fossil fuels
Power stations with gas fume de-sulphurises

59
Q

What is another type of air pollution and how is it produced?

A

Carbon Monoxide

through Incomplete Combustion

60
Q

Why is Carbon Monoxide bad for us?

A

Combines with haemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide poisonous and odourless
Less O2 and more Co2

61
Q

What are three other ways we can improve yields from crop plants to do with the soil?

A

Soil Ions
Soil Structure
Soil Ph

62
Q

How are the three factors that improve crop yield (to do with soil) controlled?

A

Soil Ions-Adding Fertilisers (Nitrates)
Soil Structure-ploughing fields to break up compacted soil (manure) –> better drainage
Soil pH-adding lime (calcium salts) to acidic soils (some are too alkaline and don’t need)

63
Q

How is methane produced?

A

decomposition of waste buried in the ground by microorganisms
fermentation by microorganisms in the rumen of cattle and other ruminants
fermentation by bacteria in rice fields

64
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed

A

Combustion of fossil fuels

65
Q

Why do we need Fertilisers?

A

For certain activities that are then used up by the minerals from the fertilisers because the plant may not have any or enough

Biology (24 decks)

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