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Biology > GSCE Y9 AND 10 SO FAR > Flashcards

GSCE Y9 AND 10 SO FAR Flashcards

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1
Q

What characteristics do all living organisms share?

And explain why they are needed.

A

M- ovement (To move towards eg: food etc: and away from predators)
R- espriration ( To release energy)
S- ensitivity (Abillity to recognise and cope with changes in the environment)
C- ontrol (Internal Conditions eg: Temp and water content)
G- rowth (Increasing in Size or Mass)
R- eproduction (Produce offspring so their species survive)
E- xcretion (Waste products eg; Co2 and urine)
N- utrition (Nutrients provide energy for Respiration)

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2
Q

Features of Plants?

A

Multicellular
Photosynthesise
Cell walls made from Cellulose
Store Carbohydrates as starch or cellulose

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3
Q

Features of animals?

A

hese are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and
are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they usually have
nervous co-ordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often
store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include mammals (for example, humans)
and insects (for example, housefly and mosquito).

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4
Q

Features of Fungi?

A

.No Photosynthesis
.Body usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae,
which contain many nuclei;
.some are single-celled
.their cells have walls made of chitin
.they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food
material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic
nutrition; they may store carbohydrate as glycogen
. Examples include Mucor, which
has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast, which is single-celled.

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5
Q

Features of Protoctists?

A

.microscopic single-celled organisms. Some, like Amoeba, that
live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have
chloroplasts and are more like plants.
. pathogenic example is Plasmodium,
responsible for causing malaria.

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6
Q

What are Eukaryotic Organims?

A

Organism with eukaryotic cells. Have a true nucleus and Membrane bound organelles

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7
Q

Features of Bacteria?

A

Bacteria: microscopic single-celled
Have a cell wall,
cell membrane,
cytoplasm and plasmids

lack a nucleus but have circular
chromosome of DNA;

some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off
other living or dead organisms.

Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a
rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk, and
Pneumococcus, a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia.

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8
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A

Organisms that cause diseases

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9
Q

What are the features of a virus?

A

these are not living organisms. They are small particles, smaller than
bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect
every type of living organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they
have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic
acid, either DNA or RNA. Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes
discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of
chloroplasts, the influenza virus that causes ‘flu’ and the HIV virus that causes AIDS.

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10
Q

What are the levels of organisations in organisms?

A

Cells Contain Organelles. Similar Cells arge Organised into Tissues. Tissues are organised into Organsband Organs make up the Organ System.

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11
Q

What is a Cell?

A

The Smallest Unit of Life. (The Building Blocks)

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12
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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13
Q

What is an Organ?

A

An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a function

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14
Q

What is the Function of A Nucleus?

A

Contains Genetic Information of the Cell. Surrounded by its own membrane

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15
Q

Function of a cytoplasm?

A

Where Chemical Reactions Occur

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16
Q

Function Of mitochondria?

A

Site of Aerobic Respiration

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17
Q

Function of Vacuole?

A

A large organelle which contains cell sap (weak solution of sugars and salts)

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18
Q

Function of Chloroplasts?

A

Site of Photosynthesis as it contains Chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What is the Function of the Cell Wall?

A

Supports the cell and strenghtens it and keeps its shape

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20
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Small organelles where proteins are made in the cell

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21
Q

What are Specialised Cells?

A

Cells which are specialised to carry out a specific function

22
Q

Why is cell differentiation important in the development of specialised cells?

A

This is because Cell Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

23
Q

What are the names of Undifferentiated Cells?

A

Stem Cells

24
Q

What are the Advantages of Stem Cells?

A

Medicines use Stem Cells to cure diseases

Embryonic Stem Cells are used to replace faulty cells in sick people

25
Q

Disadvantages of Stem Cells?

A

Stem Cells grown in labs can become contaminated with a virus which could be passed onto sick people making them sicker

26
Q

What are the Advantages of Stem Cells?

A

Medicines use Stem Cells to cure diseases
Embryonic Stem Cells are used to replace faulty cells in sick people
They have potential to turn into any kind of cell at all
Can be cloned and made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in emdicine or research

27
Q

Disadvantages of Stem Cells?

A

Stem Cells grown in labs can become contaminated with a virus which could be passed onto sick people making them sicker
Human Embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life
Human Embryos used in research are typically unwanted leading them to become destroyed.

28
Q

Where are Stem Cells found?

A

Early Human Embryos

29
Q

What Chemicals are present in Carbs and Lipids?

A

C,H.O

30
Q

Chemicals present in Proteins?

A

C,H,O,N

31
Q

Describe the Structure of Carbohydrates?

A

Starch and Glycogen are large complex carbohydrates, which are made up of many smaller units like glucose and maltose joined together in a long chain

32
Q

Describe the Structure of Proteins?

A

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids

33
Q

Describe the Structure of Lipids?

A

Lipids are built from Glycerol and Fatty acids

34
Q

How to make a Food Sample for a Food Test?

A

Get a piece of food and break it up using a Pestle and Mortar
Transfer to a beaker and pour distilled water
Stir with glass rod to dissolve some of the food
Filter solution to get rid of solid bits

35
Q

Investigate the presence of food samples in glucose?

A

Benedict’s Test:

Prepare a food sample and transfer 5 cm3 to a test tube
Prepare a water baths 75c’
Add Benedicts solution to test tube (10 drops using pippete)
Place test tube in water bath using test holder and leave for 5 minutes
Make sure tube is pointing away from you
If Glucose is present
Blue –> Green or Yellow in low concentrations and Brick Red in High Concentrations

36
Q

Test for Starch?

A

Iodine Test
Make food sample and transfer 5cm 3 to test tube
Add few drops of iodine solution and gently shake tube to mix contents.
If Starch is present
Browny-Orange –> Blue/Black

37
Q

Test for Proteins?

A 
Biuret Test 
Prepare food sample 
Transfer 5cm3 to test tube
Add 2cm3 of biuret Solution to the sample mix by gently shaking it
If present Blue --> Pink or Purple
38
Q

Tests for Lipids?

A

Emulsifying Lipids
1 test tube of equal volume of water and ethanol. Ad solution to the test tube. Mix by shaking.
Lipid –> Emulsified

39
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are Catalysts Produced by Living Things

40
Q

How do Enzymes work as Biological Catalysts?

A

Reduce the need of high temp c’

41
Q

Why are Enzymes needed?

A

We only have enzymes to speed up Useful Chemical Reactions in the body. (Metabolic Reactions)

42
Q

How does Temp C’ affect Enzyme Function?

A

Higher Rate of Reaction because of Higher Kinetic Energy of Enzymes. Higher proportion of succesful collisions, Higher Growth, however when Temp is too high, Enzymes denature, Lower Proportion of Succesful Collisions, Lower Growth

43
Q

How does Concentration affect Enzyme activity?

A

All enzymes have an optimum temperature that they work best at Typically 7 pH. The pH also affects enzymes. If the pH is too low or too high, the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzymes together, this changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme.

44
Q

What is the definition of Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until a dynamic equilibrium is reached

45
Q

What is the definition of Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane froma region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

46
Q

What is the Definition of Active Transport?

A

Active Transport is the movement of particles against a concentration gradient (low to high concentraiton) using energy released during respiration

47
Q

Factors affecting the movement of Substances?

A

SA:V
DISTANCE
TEMP C
CONC. GRADIENT

48
Q

How does Temp C affect the movement of substances?

A

As the particles in a substance get warmer they have more energy - so they move faster. This means as temperature increases, substances move in and out of cells faster

49
Q

How does Conc. Gradient affect the movement of Substances?

A

Substances move in and out of cells faster if there is a big difference in conc, between the inside and outside of the cell. If more particles are on one side there are more there to move across.

50
Q

What does CONC. GRADIENT AFFECT?

A

Diffusion and Osmosis

Biology (24 decks)

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