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PRODUCTION VMS4008 > Managing and monitoring Urinary dx in produciton > Flashcards

Managing and monitoring Urinary dx in produciton Flashcards

1
Q

How to examine Urinary tract on rectal exam?

A
  • Kidneys -> enlarged; loss of lobulation; pain
  • Bladder -> wall thickness, fill, pain
  • Ureters )> pulsation, distention
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2
Q

How to examine urinary tract on US ?

A
  • Trans rectal -> caudal parts of the left kidney ; Bladder
  • Abdominal -> Ridhe and left kidneys (right paraL fossa)
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3
Q

How to collect urine from cows?

A
  • Wait
  • Stimulate vulva and perineum
  • Urinary catheterisation
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4
Q

How to collect urine from bulls?

A
  • Massage prepuce or wash with warm water
  • Urinary catheterisation
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5
Q

Anatomy for urethral catheterisation?

A
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6
Q

how to do urinalysis ON FARM?

A
  • Gross inspection -> colour, clarity, odour
  • Urine dipstick
  • Refractometer
    -pH meter
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7
Q

What might red discolouraiton fo urine indicate?

A
  • haematuria
  • Haemoglobinuria
  • Myoglobinuria
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8
Q

What other things migth impact clarity of urine?

A
  • Cloudiness suggests cellular debris
  • Pyuria
  • Presence of pus in the urine
    -> Need to distinguish between urinary and reproductive origin
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9
Q

Odour of urine?

A

Foetid if pyuria (e.g. pyelonephritis) or urinary retention
‘pear drops’ if ketotic

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10
Q

Normal volume of urine ?

A

4 - 19 L /d

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11
Q

What should pH of urine be?

A
  • Normal to alkaline
    -> Inc alkalinity with: urolithiasis/cystitis OR metabolic alkalosis
    -> Inc acidity with: metabolic acidosis (DCAB); anorexia; Some UTIs
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12
Q

Normal USG of bovine urine?

A

1.020-1.045

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13
Q

What might cause proteinuria?

A
  • Nephrosis
  • Amyloidosis
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Acorn poisoning
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14
Q

What might we see/ want to know on biochem/haematology to do with urine?

A

» +/- Anaemia
» +/- Leucocytosis if inflammatory
» +/- Hypoproteinaemia if PLN
» Azotaemia

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15
Q

If red urine with NO sedimentation we have…?

A

HAemoglobinuria? (maybe myoglobinuria too?)

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16
Q

What two main things cause haemoglobinuria?

A

-> Infectious
OR
-> Intoxication

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17
Q

Infectious Haemoglobinueia?

A
  • Babesiosis
  • Bacilliary haemoglobinuria
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18
Q

Intoxication haemoglobinuria?

A
  • Brassica poisoning
  • Copper toxicity
  • Acute bracken poisoning
  • Water intoxication
  • Post-partum haemoglobinuria
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19
Q

Aetiology of babesiosis?

A

Babesia divergens

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20
Q

Epidemiology of babesia?

A
  • Tick-infected areas (Ixodes ricinus)
  • Spring to Autumn
  • Non-immune animals at greatest risk
  • Age immunity – animals less than 2 years unlikely to suffer from clinical disease
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21
Q

Pathogenesis of babesia?

A

» RBC intracellular parasite
» Replication cycles followed by cell rupture in association with progressive
* Haemolysis, anaemia and haemoglobinuria
* Spiking fever coincides with cell rupture
* Drops in PCV can be sudden and dramatic

22
Q

Acute CLs of babesiosis?

A
  • Red urine
  • Pyrexia (to 43ºC)
  • Anaemia
  • Pipe-stem diarrhoea,
  • Depression, weakness, ataxia and anorexia
  • Abortion
23
Q

Subacute cLS of babesia?

A

Immmune animals with transient dullness

24
Q

Dx & Tx of babesiosis?

A

» Diagnosis
* History, clinical signs and location
* Identification of the parasite on blood smears

» Treatment
* Imidocarb diproprionate (Imizol)
* (Oxytetracyline)
* Blood transfusion
* NSAIDs

25
Prevention of Bebsiosis ?
Tick control +/- Imizol
26
Aetiology of Bacillary haemoglobinuria?
Clostridium haemolyticum
27
Epidemiology of bacilliary H?
* Localised areas of U.K. e.g. Derbyshire Hills, Snowdonia * Young cattle (and sheep)
28
CLs of Bacilliary H ?
* Acute haemolytic disease * Sudden onset dullness, fever, severe anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria * 100% mortality
29
Brassica poisoning - aetiology?
Feeding rape/ kale (autumn)
30
Pathogenesis of brassica poisoning?
* Toxin converted to haemolytic factor in rumen * Haemolysis, icterus, anaemia and haemoglobinuria
31
CLS of Brassica poisoning?
* Peracute – Collapse and death * Acute – Haemoglobinuria, dullness, weakness and anaemia 1-2 weeks after grazing * Chronic and subclinical forms
32
Dx of Brassica poisoning?
* Clinical signs and history * Non-pyrexic * Heinz-body anaemia
33
Tx & prevention of Brassica poisoning?
» Treatment * Blood transfusion » Prevention * Strip grazing * Restrict intakes
34
What aetiology of Contagious pyelonephritis?
* Corynebacterium renale * Carrier animals * Possible venereal transmission
35
Pathogenesis of contagious pyeloN?
- ascending infeciton - Inflammation of kidneys and bladder
36
PRedisp factors to contagious pyeloN?
* Pregnancy * Uterine or vaginal prolapse * Obstruction
37
What may happen alongside pyeloN?
Septicaemia
38
CLs of Contagious PyeloN?
* Haematuria and pyuria * Gradual loss of condition * Frequent painful urination * Arched back * Intermittent fever * Fluctuating appetite * Kidney(s) becomes grossly enlarged * Ureters thickened and calcified * Bladder wall and mucosa thickened
39
Aetiology of cystitis?
* Ascending infection * C. renale, E.coli, Proteus vulgaris
40
Epidemiology of cystitis?
* Mostly sporadic * May be association with pyelonephritis * Females > males
41
CLs of Cystitis?
* Dysuria +/- stranguria * Mild pyrexia * Urine discoloured and contains RBC and bacteria
42
Tx of Cystitis?
ABs & NSAIDs
43
Aetiology of Bracken toxicity?
Several toxic factors
44
What two forms/pathogenesis of bracken toxicity?
=> Bone marrow suppression * Ingestion of large quantities over a short time frame * Acute haemorrhagic disease => Carcinogenic * Chronic exposure to low levels * Neoplasia of the upper alimentary tract or urinary bladder (Enzootic haematuria)
45
CLS of Neoplasia bracken tox?
- Bladder -> enzootic haematuria, anaemia, weakness -> upper alimentary SSC -> pharyngeal neoplasia or oesophageal neoplasia
46
ClS of Acute haemorrhagic syndrome?
-> Enteric form : * Anaemia, leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia. * Mucosa petechiation and epistaxis * Pyrexia, anorexia, depression and dysentery * Death 1-5 days. -> Laryngeal oedema: * Usually seen in calves * Depression * Roaring respiration and dyspnoea
47
Haematuria can be pre-renal, renal or post-renal - give examples of causes for all three
=> Pre-renal -> septicaemia +/- DIC => Renal -> PyeloN ; Sulphonamide poisoning ; or Kidney trauma => Post renal: Cystitis / Chronic bracken tox
48
What risk factors to urethral obstruction?
* Castration (especially if early) * High body condition score * Concentrate feeding
49
Where do calculi frequently lodge?
* Sigmoid flexure in cattle * Vermiform appendage in sheep and goats.
50
What does PE show with urethral obstruction?
* Stranguria/ anuria * Profound colic-> Often appear less painful after bladder rupture * Rectal examination - Urethral pulsation - Grossly distended bladder
51
Conservative Tx for urethral obstruction?
* Urinary catheterisation * Butylscopolamine (Buscopan) * IVFT to promote diuresis * Urinary acidification (e.g. Oral NH4Cl)
52
Surgical tx for urethral obstruction?
* Resect vermiform appendage (rams) * Sub-ischial urethrostomy if calculus is not passed

PRODUCTION VMS4008 (34 decks)

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