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PRODUCTION VMS4008 > Health management of the neonatal lamb > Flashcards

Health management of the neonatal lamb Flashcards

1
Q

Normal temp of Lamb?

A

39.0-40.0

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2
Q

HR & RR of lamb?

A

80-100 bpm HR
35-50 bpm RR

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3
Q

When do the biggest losses of lambs happen?

A

0-48hrs

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4
Q

What losses at birth can we see?

A
  • Stillbirth (dystocia or prolonged parturition)
  • Asphyxia in membranes
  • Severe congenital abnormalities
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5
Q

How do we reduce losses at lambing/birth?

A
  • Replacement of ewes/ problematic ones
  • US to identify multiples
  • BCS and nutrition management
  • availability of skilled labour at lambing
  • Tup selection
  • Ram harness/ identification of tupping time
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6
Q

What are some common diseases of the newborn (1-3 days old)

A
  • Starvation and hypothermia
  • Watery mouth
  • Infectious disease causing weak lambs
  • Disease causing poor production in ewe
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7
Q

What infectious dx causing weak lambs?

A
  • Border dx
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Enzootic abortion
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter fetus
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Pasteurella
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8
Q

Disease causing poor production in ewe?

A
  • Johne’s
  • MAedi visna
  • Mastitis
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9
Q

What risk factors to starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • Small weak lamb with low birth rate -> <3.5 kg UNDERWEIGHT !
  • Low/ no milk supply
  • Poor ewe nutrition
  • inclement weather/ no shelter
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10
Q

CLs of starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • Small weakly lambs
  • Dull and depressed
  • Lethargic
  • Recumbent
  • Not suckling
  • Sub-normal temperature <37⁰
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11
Q

Detail colostrum management?

A
  • 50ml/kg in first 4-6hrs
  • Can check TP (>65g/L adequate passive transfer)
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12
Q

Hypothermic/ glycaemic lambs?

A
  • Warming box 45°C
  • 20% dextrose IP 10ml/kg
  • Milk tubing 50ml/kg
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13
Q

prevention & management of death due to starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • CORRECT NUTRITION OF EWES
  • otherwise will get small lambs more prone to this death

Poor energy levels = poor lamb growth in utero + poor colostrum prod

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14
Q

How do we assess nutrition?

A
  • BCS
  • Take BHB blood samples 4-6 weeks pre-lambing
  • Assess protein levels
  • Assess feed allocations/ weights and feed space
  • Metabolic profiling
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15
Q

Detail resultus of BHB testing

A
  • 15-20 total, split between twins and triplets
  • Target <1.0 mmol/L
  • > 1.6 mmol/L = severe energy deficient
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16
Q

Detail protein level assessment

A
  • BUN for short term protein intake
  • Albumin for longer term protein status
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17
Q

How can we minimise deaths at birth from this?

A
  • Careful close monitoring of new lambs born
  • Colostrum administration protocol?
  • Replacement colostrum?
  • Improving ewe nutrition from now on- increasing
    concentrate feeding slowly
  • Freezing of colostrum for future
  • Training of labour/personnel
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18
Q

What pathogenesis of watery mouth?

A
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19
Q

CLS of watery mouth?

A
  • Dull, depressed, reluctant to suck
  • Profuse salivation
  • Abdominal distension +/- retained meconium
  • Diarrhoea
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20
Q

Tx for watery mouth?

A
  • Warm soapy water enema
  • supportibe oral fluids 50ml/kg
  • Oral aminoglycoside in mild cases
  • Im amoxicillin in bacteremia cases -> aminoGs not absorbed through gut in these lambs
  • NSAID
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21
Q

Prevention against watery mouth?

A
  • HYGIENE especially lambing pens
  • Ensure adequate and timely colostrum
    ingestion
  • Oral AB should not be use as
    prevention!
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22
Q

how do infectious diseases cause weak lambs?

A

Not always directly causing losses
Cause weak lambs → less likely to get adequate colostrum intake → susceptible to
hypothermia/bacteraemia/septicaemia

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23
Q

Describe border dx?

A
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24
Q

Swayback?

A
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25
Toxo?
26
What common diseases of lambs <2 weeks?
27
Common dx lambs 2-4 weeks?
28
Common dx lambs >6weks?
29
What is the main seen umbilical pathology ?
Omphalitis
30
Describe Omphalitis
* Infection may be present with a distended, hot and painful navel +/- discharge * +/- pyrexia * The infection may extend internally affecting the umbilical structures and liver.
31
What happens if omphalitis turns septic?
may also give rise to peritonitis, bacteraemia/septicaemia causing joint ill, meningitis and internal organ abscessation (commonly liver).
32
When do they get omphalitis?
10-14 days old
33
Tx omphalitis?
Broad spec ABs & NSAID
34
Prevention omphalitis?
Navel dipping iodine & hygiene Colosturm intake
35
What causes joint ill / infectious polyarthritis?
Streptococcus dysgalactiae +/- E. rhusiopathiae
36
Why do we get joint ill?
- Development bc infection of the umbilicus after birth
37
What CLS of Joint ill?
* Swollen, hot painful joints -> May be only one Or multiple joints affected * Lameness, reluctance to stand/move * Pyrexia
38
Tx for joint ill?
* Can be difficult to resolve * Long term treatment may not be financially viable * Broad spectrum antibiosis with joint penetration * NSAIDs
39
What is the name of ORF?
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
40
What kind of infectious agent is ORF?
PARAPOXVIRUS zoonotic very resistant to disinfection
41
CLs of ORf?
* Lesions sometimes found on the feet and in udders * The lesions develop as papules and progress through vesicular and pustular stages before encrusting * Inappetence and condition loss
42
How long do orf signs take to resolve?
1-4 weeks
43
What DDX for ORf?
Staphylococcal dermatitis Dermatophilus congolensis
44
Tx & control of Orf?
Antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infection Fly control – myiasis Vaccination
45
What causes lamb dysentry
Clostridium perfringens type B
46
What does Clostridium cause?
produces a highly necrotizing and lethal beta toxin responsible for severe intestinal damage
47
what features of lamb dysentery?
sudden death or diarrhoea, dysentery, and toxaemia * Dull, depressed, abdominal pain
48
On PME what is characteristic lesion of lamb dysentery?
emphysema of jejunal mucosa
49
Risk factors for lamb dysentery?
Ewe not vaccinated, FPT, dirty lambing pen Other causes of poor colostrum quality or intake
50
Prevention lamb D?
ewe vacc & colostrum intake
51
Describe cryptosporidium infectious agent
C. parvum - not host specific Zoonotic - Loss of villi -> dec absorption ewacerbates rotavirus infection
52
Causes of crypto?
* overcrowding, poor hygiene and use of the same fields for lambing every year. * Poor colostrum!
53
CLS of crypto?
* Depressed * Reluctance to suck * Profuse Diarrhoea → dehydration * Lambs can be asymptomatic * Affected growth rates and finishing times
54
Diagnosis & Tx crypto?
Dx: faecal smear and stain with modified ZN Tx: oral rehydration/ supportive
55
Prevention of crypto?
* Colostrum and hygiene * Reduce overstocking * Rotation of fields * Disinfect environment with steam cleaning and ammonia-based disinfectants
56
Coccidiosis Describe
- in cincisdence - Variable pathogenicity species - Affected 4-8 weeks old on waning of MDAs
57
Clinical dx caused by what (coccidiosis) ?
- Eimeria ovinoidalis - Eimeria crandallis
58
Where does cocccidiosis affet?
Invasion of gut cells, multiplication and burst gut cells causing gut damage
59
What risk factors to coccidiosis?
- Intensive conditions - COntamination from ewes
60
Coccidiosis lifecycle?
61
CLs of Coccidiosis
- D+ with mucus and blood dullness, poor, lethargic - Lost 'bloom' - Poor growth rates -> weight loss - D+ +/- faecal soiling -> dehydration -> +/- death - Slow recovery after tx d/t villus atrophy - Concurrent infection with nematodirus -> inc severity
62
Diagnosis of cocci?
- CLs & presentation - Mismatch between oocyt count and clinical signs -> CLS associated with developing stages before peak oocyst prod - Speciation
63
Tx for cocci?
Diclazuril (Vecoxan), Toltrazuril (Baycox), Decoquinate (Deccox-Feed) all used in treatment and management/prevention
64
Prevention Cocci
Improve environmentla hygiene - clean between batches - reduce stocking density Grazing rotation, manage feeding areas, strategic dosing of anticoccidials
65
What are the two main risk factors to cocci?
High oocyte challenge suceptible lambs
66
Describe high oocyst challenge
- Faeces in water or food supply - Dirty conditions - Heavily stocked - Older lambs previously in field
67
Describe Susceptible lambs?
- 4-12 weeks - No previous exposure to coccidia - Stress due to cold, wet weather - Stress due to poor nutrition
68
Tx & Control for Cocci?
- Anticoccidials - Inprove environmental hygiene - Reduces stocking density - Grazing rotatition
69
What anticocccidials can we use?
* Diclazuril (Vecoxan) * Toltrazuril (Baycox) * Decoquinate (Deccox – feed) * Treatment & prevention (~ 3 weeks of age)
70
Describe White muscle disease?
- Skeletal , cardiac, and respiratory muscles esp susceptible - usually seen in rapidly growing lambs aged 2-6 weeks (sudden onset stiffness and reluctance to move progresses to recumbency) if cardiac SD
71
Diagnosis of WMD?
CLs - Can check GSHPx for Se levels and alpha-tocopherol for Vit E - Can o histo of myocardium
72
Tx of WMD?
- Parenteral Se and Vit E - supplement diet
73
Prevention of WMD?
* Adequate inclusion in diet of late gestation ewes * Strategic injection of Vit E / Selenium (e.g. 3rd month gestation) * Drenches and boluses
74
What other names of WMD?
White muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, nutritional myopathy, nutritional muscular dystrophy
75
BIological role of Selenium/vitE
Powerful antioxidant Immune function
76
Risk factors to WMD?
Low soil selenium content Depletion of Vitamin E in conserved forages Feeding only home-grown foods Use of preservatives on forages / cereals Artificial fertilisers → rapid grass growth
77
Tx for Leg fractures?
- Apply cast/ splint under GA (propofol off license, volatile G ain practice, can use lumboS epidural for HL) - Correct alignment for best healing and return to function - Extend cast from foot to the first joint proximal to the fracture

PRODUCTION VMS4008 (34 decks)

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